Vitamin D deficiency is associated with silent coronary artery disease in cardiovascularly asymptomatic african americans with HIV infection

Background. Growing evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency Is associated with clinical coronary artery disease (CAD). The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and subclinical CAD in HIV-infected individuals is not well-characterized.Methods.Computed tomographic (CT) coronary angiography was performed using contrast-enhanced 64-slice multidetector CT imaging, and vitamin D levels and the presence of traditional and novel risk factor for CAD were obtained in 674 HIV-infected African American (AA) participants aged 25-54 years in Baltimore, MD, without symptoms/clinical evidence of CAD.Results.The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxy vitamin D <10 ng/mL) was 20.0 (95 confidence interval [CI], 16.9-23.1). Significant (≥50) coronary stenosis was present in 64 (9.5) of 674 participants. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.19; 95 CI, 1.17-4.10), diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg (adjusted OR: 1.94, 95 CI: 1.02-3.68), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥100 mg/dL (adjusted OR, 1.95; 95 CI, 1.13-3.36), cocaine use for ≥15 years (adjusted OR, 1.77; 95 CI, 1.01-3.10), use of antiretroviral therapies for ≥6 months (adjusted OR, 2.26; 95 CI, 1.17-4.36), year of enrollment after 2005 (adjusted ORs for 2006-2007, 2008-2009, and 2010 were 0.32 [95 CI, 0.13-0.76], 0.26 [95 CI, 0.12-0.56], and 0.32 (95 CI, 0.15-0.65], respectively), and vitamin D deficiency (adjusted OR, 2.28; 95 CI, 1.23-4.21) were independently associated with significant coronary stenosis.Conclusions.Both vitamin D deficiency and silent CAD are prevalent in HIV-infected AAs. In addition to management of traditional CAD risk factors and substance abuse, vitamin D deficiency should be evaluated in HIV-infected AAs. These data support the conduct of a prospective trial of vitamin D in this high-risk patient population.