TY - JOUR
T1 - Vitamin D, Calcium, and Cardiovascular Disease
T2 - A“D”vantageous or “D”etrimental? An Era of Uncertainty
AU - Chin, Kathleen
AU - Appel, Lawrence J.
AU - Michos, Erin D.
N1 - Funding Information:
Erin Michos is supported by a grant R01NS072243 from NIH/NINDS and the Blumenthal Scholars Award in Preventive Cardiology. Kathleen Chin was funded by the Hopkins Scholars Program.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
PY - 2017/1/1
Y1 - 2017/1/1
N2 - While the function of vitamin D in regulating calcium homeostasis is well established, there has been growing interest in its role in the prevention of numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is mounting epidemiological evidence suggesting that vitamin D deficiency is linked to increased CVD risk. However, the results of previous vitamin D supplementation trials have yielded mixed results in regards to cardiovascular health, and the results of ongoing large-scale randomized controlled trials are not yet available. Further complicating the issue, calcium supplementation, which is often prescribed concurrently with vitamin D, has been associated with increased CVD risk in some (but not all) studies. Thus, it is currently unclear whether vitamin D supplements, particularly for those that are deficient, can help prevent the development of CVD. In addition, there has not been uniform consensus regarding the threshold of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels that constitutes “sufficiency” across organizational guidelines. This review will provide an update on the most recent evidence regarding the effects of vitamin D and calcium supplements on CVD clinical outcomes, summarize ongoing vitamin D trials, and discuss the current but remarkably disparate recommendations regarding vitamin D deficiency screening and supplementation.
AB - While the function of vitamin D in regulating calcium homeostasis is well established, there has been growing interest in its role in the prevention of numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is mounting epidemiological evidence suggesting that vitamin D deficiency is linked to increased CVD risk. However, the results of previous vitamin D supplementation trials have yielded mixed results in regards to cardiovascular health, and the results of ongoing large-scale randomized controlled trials are not yet available. Further complicating the issue, calcium supplementation, which is often prescribed concurrently with vitamin D, has been associated with increased CVD risk in some (but not all) studies. Thus, it is currently unclear whether vitamin D supplements, particularly for those that are deficient, can help prevent the development of CVD. In addition, there has not been uniform consensus regarding the threshold of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels that constitutes “sufficiency” across organizational guidelines. This review will provide an update on the most recent evidence regarding the effects of vitamin D and calcium supplements on CVD clinical outcomes, summarize ongoing vitamin D trials, and discuss the current but remarkably disparate recommendations regarding vitamin D deficiency screening and supplementation.
KW - Calcium
KW - Cardiovascular disease
KW - Prevention
KW - Supplementation
KW - Vitamin D
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U2 - 10.1007/s11883-017-0637-2
DO - 10.1007/s11883-017-0637-2
M3 - Review article
C2 - 28127710
AN - SCOPUS:85011002398
SN - 1523-3804
VL - 19
JO - Current atherosclerosis reports
JF - Current atherosclerosis reports
IS - 1
M1 - 5
ER -