TY - JOUR
T1 - Urinary NOx, a novel potential biomarker for autism spectrum disorder
AU - Fu, Huimin
AU - Deng, Wenwen
AU - Yao, Lulu
AU - Gong, Miaozi
AU - Lai, Shenghan
AU - Liu, Jianhua
AU - Li, Minhui
AU - Xu, Haiqing
AU - Wang, Jun
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019
PY - 2020/1
Y1 - 2020/1
N2 - Nitric oxide (NO) participates in many physiological and pathological processes in human. Urine tests tell a lot about health, which are convenient and harmless. Redox stress, including imbalance of reactive nitrogen species and its metabolites NOx, has been gaining increased attention in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research. However, concentrations of urinary nitrite and nitrate among the ASD population stay unclear. In this study, nitrite and nitrate were precisely measured in urine specimens from 44 ASD children, 30 healthy children (the control group) and 28 healthy adults with an optimized and validated analytic method. For the first time, concentrations of urinary NOx in ASD and healthy children were reported. Nitrite in the ASD population is higher than in the control group, with concentrations of 0.8708 ± 0.1121 μM (0.1556–3.0393 μM) and 0.5938 ± 0.07276 μM (0.1134–2.1004 μM) (p = 0.0420), respectively. Nitrite in the adult groups is 0.5808 ± 0.0985 μM (0.0808–1.9335 μM), which is similar to that in the control group. On the contrary, urinary nitrate concentration in ASD children is lower than that in the control group, which are 2.875 ± 0.2716 mM (0.3264–7.1835 mM) and 4.558 ± 0.5915 mM (1.1860–15.8555 mM) (p = 0.0133), respectively. Nitrate in adults is also significantly lower than that in the control, 2.799 ± 0.3640 mM (0.2507–8.6978 mM) and 4.558 ± 0.5915 mM (p = 0.0146), respectively. Nitrite/nitrate ratios for ASD and the control groups were 0.3496 ± 0.04382 x 10-3 and 0.1604 ± 0.01862 x 10-3 (p = 0.0002), which again indicated the probability of NOx as a novel biomarker. Furthermore, no correlation between NOx and gender, as well as sample collection timing was found. Taken together, the association between NOx and ASD was significant. Urinary nitrite, nitrate and NO2 -/NO3 -, might serve as a new biomarker for ASD diagnosis during pursuit of harmless, fast, and convenient diagnostic method. Further studies are needed for the metabolic pathways of NOx in ASD pathogenesis.
AB - Nitric oxide (NO) participates in many physiological and pathological processes in human. Urine tests tell a lot about health, which are convenient and harmless. Redox stress, including imbalance of reactive nitrogen species and its metabolites NOx, has been gaining increased attention in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research. However, concentrations of urinary nitrite and nitrate among the ASD population stay unclear. In this study, nitrite and nitrate were precisely measured in urine specimens from 44 ASD children, 30 healthy children (the control group) and 28 healthy adults with an optimized and validated analytic method. For the first time, concentrations of urinary NOx in ASD and healthy children were reported. Nitrite in the ASD population is higher than in the control group, with concentrations of 0.8708 ± 0.1121 μM (0.1556–3.0393 μM) and 0.5938 ± 0.07276 μM (0.1134–2.1004 μM) (p = 0.0420), respectively. Nitrite in the adult groups is 0.5808 ± 0.0985 μM (0.0808–1.9335 μM), which is similar to that in the control group. On the contrary, urinary nitrate concentration in ASD children is lower than that in the control group, which are 2.875 ± 0.2716 mM (0.3264–7.1835 mM) and 4.558 ± 0.5915 mM (1.1860–15.8555 mM) (p = 0.0133), respectively. Nitrate in adults is also significantly lower than that in the control, 2.799 ± 0.3640 mM (0.2507–8.6978 mM) and 4.558 ± 0.5915 mM (p = 0.0146), respectively. Nitrite/nitrate ratios for ASD and the control groups were 0.3496 ± 0.04382 x 10-3 and 0.1604 ± 0.01862 x 10-3 (p = 0.0002), which again indicated the probability of NOx as a novel biomarker. Furthermore, no correlation between NOx and gender, as well as sample collection timing was found. Taken together, the association between NOx and ASD was significant. Urinary nitrite, nitrate and NO2 -/NO3 -, might serve as a new biomarker for ASD diagnosis during pursuit of harmless, fast, and convenient diagnostic method. Further studies are needed for the metabolic pathways of NOx in ASD pathogenesis.
KW - Autism spectrum disorder
KW - Nitrate
KW - Nitrite
KW - Redox stress
KW - Urine
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85075819563&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.001
DO - 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.001
M3 - Article
C2 - 31706990
AN - SCOPUS:85075819563
SN - 0891-5849
VL - 146
SP - 350
EP - 356
JO - Free Radical Biology and Medicine
JF - Free Radical Biology and Medicine
ER -