TY - JOUR
T1 - Tuberculosis
AU - Pai, Madhukar
AU - Behr, Marcel A.
AU - Dowdy, David
AU - Dheda, Keertan
AU - Divangahi, Maziar
AU - Boehme, Catharina C.
AU - Ginsberg, Ann
AU - Swaminathan, Soumya
AU - Spigelman, Melvin
AU - Getahun, Haileyesus
AU - Menzies, Dick
AU - Raviglione, Mario
N1 - Funding Information:
M.D. is supported by the CIHR Foundation Grant (FDN-143273) as well as a CIHR New Investigator Award. C.C.B. acknowledges grant support for Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) from several governments (Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Switzerland), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the NIH. A.G. is a full-time employee of Aeras, which has received current or past grant support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS), the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), the Global Health Innovative Technology (GHIT) Fund, the US FDA and the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the NIH. S.S. is a full-time employee of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), a Government of India agency. M.S. is a full-time employee of TB Alliance, which has received current or past grant support from AusAID, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, DFID, DGIS, the European Commission (EC), GHIT, the Indonesia Health Fund, NIAID/NIH, UNITAID, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and the FDA. D.M. acknowledges grant support from CIHR.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.
PY - 2016/10/27
Y1 - 2016/10/27
N2 - Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Although primarily a pulmonary pathogen, M. tuberculosis can cause disease in almost any part of the body. Infection with M. tuberculosis can evolve from containment in the host, in which the bacteria are isolated within granulomas (latent TB infection), to a contagious state, in which the patient will show symptoms that can include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Only active pulmonary TB is contagious. In many low-income and middle-income countries, TB continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and drug-resistant TB is a major concern in many settings. Although several new TB diagnostics have been developed, including rapid molecular tests, there is a need for simpler point-of-care tests. Treatment usually requires a prolonged course of multiple antimicrobials, stimulating efforts to develop shorter drug regimens. Although the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used worldwide, mainly to prevent life-threatening TB in infants and young children, it has been ineffective in controlling the global TB epidemic. Thus, efforts are underway to develop newer vaccines with improved efficacy. New tools as well as improved programme implementation and financing are necessary to end the global TB epidemic by 2035.
AB - Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Although primarily a pulmonary pathogen, M. tuberculosis can cause disease in almost any part of the body. Infection with M. tuberculosis can evolve from containment in the host, in which the bacteria are isolated within granulomas (latent TB infection), to a contagious state, in which the patient will show symptoms that can include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Only active pulmonary TB is contagious. In many low-income and middle-income countries, TB continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and drug-resistant TB is a major concern in many settings. Although several new TB diagnostics have been developed, including rapid molecular tests, there is a need for simpler point-of-care tests. Treatment usually requires a prolonged course of multiple antimicrobials, stimulating efforts to develop shorter drug regimens. Although the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used worldwide, mainly to prevent life-threatening TB in infants and young children, it has been ineffective in controlling the global TB epidemic. Thus, efforts are underway to develop newer vaccines with improved efficacy. New tools as well as improved programme implementation and financing are necessary to end the global TB epidemic by 2035.
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U2 - 10.1038/nrdp.2016.76
DO - 10.1038/nrdp.2016.76
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27784885
AN - SCOPUS:84992597251
SN - 2056-676X
VL - 2
JO - Nature Reviews Disease Primers
JF - Nature Reviews Disease Primers
M1 - 16076
ER -