Triple quantum decoherence under multiple refocusing: Slow correlated chemical shift modulations of C′ and N nuclei in proteins

A new experiment allows the identification of residues that feature slow conformational exchange in macromolecules. Rotations about dihedral angles that are slower than the global correlation time τ_c cause a modulation of the isotropic chemical shifts of the nuclei. If these fluctuations are correlated they induce a differential line broadening between three-spin single-quantum and triple-quantum coherences involving three nuclei such as the carbonyl C′, the neighbouring amide nitrogen N and the amide proton H^N belonging to a pair of consecutive amino acids. A cross-corelated relaxation rate R_C′N^CS/CS can be determined that corresponds to the sum of the isotropic and anisotropic contributions to the chemical shift modulations of the carbonyl carbon and nitrogen nuclei. Only the isotropic contributions depend on the pulse repetition rate of a multiple-refocusing sequence. An attenuation of the relaxation rate with increasing pulse repetition rate can therefore be attributed to slow motions. The asparagine N25 residue of ubiquitin, located in the first α-helix, is shown to feature significant slow conformational exchange.