TY - JOUR
T1 - Trends in the prevalence of reduced GFR in the United States
T2 - A comparison of creatinine- and cystatin c-based estimates
AU - Grams, Morgan E.
AU - Juraschek, Stephen P.
AU - Selvin, Elizabeth
AU - Foster, Meredith C.
AU - Inker, Lesley A.
AU - Eckfeldt, John H.
AU - Levey, Andrew S.
AU - Coresh, Josef
N1 - Funding Information:
Support: Dr Grams is supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) grant K08DK092287 . Dr Inker is supported by NIH/NIDDK grant K23DK081017-05 . Mr Juraschek and Dr Foster were supported by NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute grant T32 HL007024 . Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics provided a grant to the University of Minnesota for labor and reagents to conduct some cystatin C assays. This project was partially funded by NIH/NIDDK grant U01 DK067651 .
PY - 2013/8
Y1 - 2013/8
N2 - Background: The US prevalence of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum creatinine level increased during the decade ending in 2002. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cystatin C measurements recently were calibrated to the international standard, allowing for an independent test of the trend in prevalence of reduced eGFR using cystatin C level. Study Design: Cross-sectional surveys performed during 2 periods. Setting & Participants: Nationally representative subsamples of adult participants from NHANES III (1988-1994) and the NHANES 1999-2002 surveys. Predictor: Survey period. Outcomes: Prevalence of reduced GFR, defined as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 based on levels of serum creatinine, cystatin C, or both (eGFRcr, eGFRcys, and eGFRcr-cys), using estimating equations developed by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). Measurements: Serum cystatin C level, measured from stored samples in 2006, calibrated to the international standard in 2012. Results: Between 1988-1994 and 1999-2002, the prevalence of reduced eGFR cr, eGFRcys, and eGFRcr-cys increased from 4.7% (95% CI, 4.1%-5.3%) to 6.5% (95% CI, 5.9%-7.1%) (P < 0.001), from 5.5% (95% CI, 4.6%-6.5%) to 8.7% (95% CI, 7.5%-10.0%) (P < 0.001), and from 4.4% (95% CI, 3.7%-5.2%) to 7.1% (95% CI, 6.2%-8.0%) (P < 0.001), respectively. The higher prevalence of reduced GFR in the later period was observed in all subgroups of age, race, sex, and GFR categories. After adjusting for changes in the US population by age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension, and body mass index, prevalence ratios of reduced GFR in the later versus earlier survey were 1.24 (95% CI, 1.09-1.45), 1.34 (95% CI, 1.15-1.67), and 1.33 (95% CI, 1.17-1.65) using eGFRcr, eGFRcys, and eGFRcr-cys, respectively. Limitations: Likely underascertainment of persons with GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2; GFR was estimated and not measured; comparability of laboratory assays based on a calibration subsample. Conclusions: The prevalence of reduced eGFRcys in the US civilian noninstitutionalized population increased between 1988-1994 and 1999-2002, confirming the increase observed in the prevalence of reduced eGFRcr.
AB - Background: The US prevalence of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum creatinine level increased during the decade ending in 2002. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cystatin C measurements recently were calibrated to the international standard, allowing for an independent test of the trend in prevalence of reduced eGFR using cystatin C level. Study Design: Cross-sectional surveys performed during 2 periods. Setting & Participants: Nationally representative subsamples of adult participants from NHANES III (1988-1994) and the NHANES 1999-2002 surveys. Predictor: Survey period. Outcomes: Prevalence of reduced GFR, defined as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 based on levels of serum creatinine, cystatin C, or both (eGFRcr, eGFRcys, and eGFRcr-cys), using estimating equations developed by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). Measurements: Serum cystatin C level, measured from stored samples in 2006, calibrated to the international standard in 2012. Results: Between 1988-1994 and 1999-2002, the prevalence of reduced eGFR cr, eGFRcys, and eGFRcr-cys increased from 4.7% (95% CI, 4.1%-5.3%) to 6.5% (95% CI, 5.9%-7.1%) (P < 0.001), from 5.5% (95% CI, 4.6%-6.5%) to 8.7% (95% CI, 7.5%-10.0%) (P < 0.001), and from 4.4% (95% CI, 3.7%-5.2%) to 7.1% (95% CI, 6.2%-8.0%) (P < 0.001), respectively. The higher prevalence of reduced GFR in the later period was observed in all subgroups of age, race, sex, and GFR categories. After adjusting for changes in the US population by age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension, and body mass index, prevalence ratios of reduced GFR in the later versus earlier survey were 1.24 (95% CI, 1.09-1.45), 1.34 (95% CI, 1.15-1.67), and 1.33 (95% CI, 1.17-1.65) using eGFRcr, eGFRcys, and eGFRcr-cys, respectively. Limitations: Likely underascertainment of persons with GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2; GFR was estimated and not measured; comparability of laboratory assays based on a calibration subsample. Conclusions: The prevalence of reduced eGFRcys in the US civilian noninstitutionalized population increased between 1988-1994 and 1999-2002, confirming the increase observed in the prevalence of reduced eGFRcr.
KW - Cystatin C
KW - chronic kidney disease
KW - estimating equations
KW - prevalence
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U2 - 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.03.013
DO - 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.03.013
M3 - Article
C2 - 23619125
AN - SCOPUS:84880620677
SN - 0272-6386
VL - 62
SP - 253
EP - 260
JO - American Journal of Kidney Diseases
JF - American Journal of Kidney Diseases
IS - 2
ER -