TY - JOUR
T1 - The temporal pattern, flux, and function of autophagy in spinal cord injury
AU - Zhou, Kailiang
AU - Sansur, Charles A.
AU - Xu, Huazi
AU - Jia, Xiaofeng
N1 - Funding Information:
The work was supported by R01HL118084 from National Institutes of Health (NIH) (to XJ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 by the authors; Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2017/2/21
Y1 - 2017/2/21
N2 - Previous studies have indicated that autophagy plays a critical role in spinal cord injury (SCI), including traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and ischemia-reperfusion spinal cord injury (IRSCI). However, while the undstanding of mechanisms underlying autophagy in SCI has progressed, there remain several controversial points: (1) temporal pattern results of autophagic activation after SCI are not consistent across studies; (2) effect of accumulation of autophagosomes due to the blockade or enhancement of autophagic flux is uncertain; (3) overall effect of enhanced autophagy remains undefined, with both beneficial and detrimental outcomes reported in SCI literature. In this review, the temporal pattern of autophagic activation, autophagic flux, autophagic cell death, relationship between autophagy and apoptosis and pharmacological intervention of autophagy in TSCI (contusion injury, compression injury and hemisection injury) and IRSCI are discussed. Types of SCI and severity appears to contribute to differences in outcomes regarding temporal pattern, flux, and function of autophagy. With future development of specific strategies on autophagy intervention, autophagy may play an important role in improving functional recovery in patients with SCI.
AB - Previous studies have indicated that autophagy plays a critical role in spinal cord injury (SCI), including traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and ischemia-reperfusion spinal cord injury (IRSCI). However, while the undstanding of mechanisms underlying autophagy in SCI has progressed, there remain several controversial points: (1) temporal pattern results of autophagic activation after SCI are not consistent across studies; (2) effect of accumulation of autophagosomes due to the blockade or enhancement of autophagic flux is uncertain; (3) overall effect of enhanced autophagy remains undefined, with both beneficial and detrimental outcomes reported in SCI literature. In this review, the temporal pattern of autophagic activation, autophagic flux, autophagic cell death, relationship between autophagy and apoptosis and pharmacological intervention of autophagy in TSCI (contusion injury, compression injury and hemisection injury) and IRSCI are discussed. Types of SCI and severity appears to contribute to differences in outcomes regarding temporal pattern, flux, and function of autophagy. With future development of specific strategies on autophagy intervention, autophagy may play an important role in improving functional recovery in patients with SCI.
KW - Autophagy
KW - Flux
KW - Function
KW - Ischemia-reperfusion spinal cord injury
KW - Temporal pattern
KW - Traumatic spinal cord injury
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U2 - 10.3390/ijms18020466
DO - 10.3390/ijms18020466
M3 - Review article
C2 - 28230791
AN - SCOPUS:85013748050
SN - 1661-6596
VL - 18
JO - International journal of molecular sciences
JF - International journal of molecular sciences
IS - 2
M1 - 466
ER -