TY - JOUR
T1 - The relationship between household sanitation and women’s experience of menstrual hygiene
T2 - Findings from a cross-sectional survey in Kaduna state, Nigeria
AU - The PMA2020 Investigators
AU - Hennegan, Julie
AU - Zimmerman, Linnea
AU - Shannon, Alexandra K.
AU - Exum, Natalie G.
AU - Olaolorun, Funmilola
AU - Omoluabi, Elizabeth
AU - Schwab, Kellogg J.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: PMA2020 investigators: Burkina Faso: Georges Guiella and Lonkia Moussa Zan (University of Ouagadougou); Kenya: Peter Gichangi, International Center for Reproductive Health-Kenya (ICRH-K); India: Anoop Khana, Indian Institue of Health Management Research; Democratic Republic of Congo: Philip Anglewicz and Jane Bertrand (Tulane University, USA), and Patrick Kayembe (University of Kinshasa); Ethiopia: Solomon Shiferaw and Assefa Seme (Addis Abbaba University); Ghana: Easmon Otupiri (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology); Indonesia: Sanjoyo Kirlan and Titut Yuli Prihyugiarto (National Population and Family Planning Board; BKKBN), Siswanto Wilopo (Universitas Gadjah Mada), Ansariadi Ancha (Hasanuddin University), and Namora Lumongga Lubis (University of North Sumatra); Niger: Oumarou Habi and Sani Oumarou (l’Institut National de la Statistique du Niger); Uganda: Fredrick Makumbi and Simon Peter Sebina Kibira (Makerere University); USA: Scott Radloff, Amy Tsui, Saifuddin Ahmed, Blake Zachary, Yoonjoung Choi, Noelle Battle (Johns Hopkins University). The PMA2020 project relies on the work of many individuals, both in the United States and in survey countries. Special thanks are due to JHU faculty and resource staff, including Hannah Olson and Luke McDonald. The project team is grateful for support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, particularly Win Brown for his technical support. Finally, thanks to the country teams and resident enumerators, now numbering more than 1700, who are ultimately responsible for the success of PMA2020. We are grateful to Saifuddin Ahmed for his guidance regarding the statistical analyses for this study. PMA2020 is funded through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Researcher time for this work was supported by Giving Wings and Futura Foundations (J.H.) and The Osprey Foundation of Maryland (K.J.S. and J.H.).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2018/5/3
Y1 - 2018/5/3
N2 - Global efforts to improve sanitation have emphasized the needs of women and girls. Managing menstruation is one such need, yet there is scarce research capturing current practices. This study investigated the relationships between household sanitation and women’s experience of menstrual management. Secondary analyses were undertaken on data from 1994 women and girls collected through the Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 survey in Kaduna, Nigeria. In multivariable models, women had higher odds of using the main household sanitation facility for menstrual management when they had access to a basic (OR = 1.76 95%CI 1.26–2.46) or limited (OR = 1.63 95%CI 1.08–2.48) sanitation facility, compared to an unimproved facility. Women with no household sanitation facility had higher odds of using their sleeping area (OR = 3.56 95%CI 2.50–5.06) or having no facility for menstrual management (OR = 9.86 95%CI 5.76–16.87) than women with an unimproved sanitation facility. Menstrual management locations were associated with ratings of their characteristics. Safely managed or basic sanitation facilities were not rated more favorably than unimproved facilities in privacy (OR = 1.02 95%CI 0.70–1.48), safety (OR = 1.45 95%CI 0.98–2.15), access to a lock (OR = 0.93 95%CI 0.62–1.37), or soap and water (OR = 1.04 95%CI 0.70–1.56). Women using their sleeping area had more favorable perceptions of their environment. Findings suggest household sanitation influences women’s choices for menstrual management, but that existing indicators for improvement are not sensitive to menstrual needs.
AB - Global efforts to improve sanitation have emphasized the needs of women and girls. Managing menstruation is one such need, yet there is scarce research capturing current practices. This study investigated the relationships between household sanitation and women’s experience of menstrual management. Secondary analyses were undertaken on data from 1994 women and girls collected through the Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 survey in Kaduna, Nigeria. In multivariable models, women had higher odds of using the main household sanitation facility for menstrual management when they had access to a basic (OR = 1.76 95%CI 1.26–2.46) or limited (OR = 1.63 95%CI 1.08–2.48) sanitation facility, compared to an unimproved facility. Women with no household sanitation facility had higher odds of using their sleeping area (OR = 3.56 95%CI 2.50–5.06) or having no facility for menstrual management (OR = 9.86 95%CI 5.76–16.87) than women with an unimproved sanitation facility. Menstrual management locations were associated with ratings of their characteristics. Safely managed or basic sanitation facilities were not rated more favorably than unimproved facilities in privacy (OR = 1.02 95%CI 0.70–1.48), safety (OR = 1.45 95%CI 0.98–2.15), access to a lock (OR = 0.93 95%CI 0.62–1.37), or soap and water (OR = 1.04 95%CI 0.70–1.56). Women using their sleeping area had more favorable perceptions of their environment. Findings suggest household sanitation influences women’s choices for menstrual management, but that existing indicators for improvement are not sensitive to menstrual needs.
KW - Cross-sectional survey
KW - Menstrual health
KW - Menstrual hygiene
KW - Sanitation
KW - Women’s health
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85046682687&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85046682687&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph15050905
DO - 10.3390/ijerph15050905
M3 - Article
C2 - 29751539
AN - SCOPUS:85046682687
VL - 15
JO - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
SN - 1661-7827
IS - 5
M1 - 905
ER -