TY - JOUR
T1 - "The Real Point is Control"
T2 - The Reception of Barbara McClintock's Controlling Elements
AU - Comfort, Nathaniel C.
N1 - Funding Information:
1. This work was supported in part by research grants from the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, the Lilly Library, Indiana University, and the Carnegie Institu-tion of Washington, as well as a Dissertation Improvement Grant from the National Science Foundation. Carl-Henry Geschwind, Carol Greider, Horace Freeland Judson, Carla Keirns, Mark Lesney, Steve Weiss, and two anonymous reviewers gave valuable comments during preparation of this manuscript. The title for this paper is taken from a comment McClintock made in an interview with me while access to it was still restricted. The “maize genetics cooperation,” begun in the 1920s, is extended to a maize genetics history cooperation.
PY - 1999
Y1 - 1999
N2 - In the standard narrative of her life, Barbara McClintock discovered genetic transposition in the 1940s but no one believed her. She was ignored until molecular biologists of the 1970s "rediscovered" transposition and vindicated her heretical discovery. New archival documents, as well as interviews and close reading of published papers, belie this narrative. Transposition was accepted immediately by both maize and bacterial geneticists. Maize geneticists confirmed it repeatedly in the early 1950s and by the late 1950s it was considered a classic discovery. But for McClintock, movable elements were part of an elaborate system of genetic control that she hypothesized to explain development and differentiation. This theory was highly speculative and was not widely accepted, even by those who had discovered transposition independently. When Jacob and Monod presented their alternative model for gene regulation, the operon, her controller argument was discarded as incorrect. Transposition, however, was soon discovered in microorganisms and by the late 1970s was recognized as a phenomenon of biomedical importance. For McClintock, the award of the 1983 Nobel Prize to her for the discovery of movable genetic elements, long treated as a legitimation, may well have been bittersweet. This new look at McClintock's experiments and theory has implications for the intellectual history of biology, the social history of American genetics, and McClintock's role in the historiography of women in science.
AB - In the standard narrative of her life, Barbara McClintock discovered genetic transposition in the 1940s but no one believed her. She was ignored until molecular biologists of the 1970s "rediscovered" transposition and vindicated her heretical discovery. New archival documents, as well as interviews and close reading of published papers, belie this narrative. Transposition was accepted immediately by both maize and bacterial geneticists. Maize geneticists confirmed it repeatedly in the early 1950s and by the late 1950s it was considered a classic discovery. But for McClintock, movable elements were part of an elaborate system of genetic control that she hypothesized to explain development and differentiation. This theory was highly speculative and was not widely accepted, even by those who had discovered transposition independently. When Jacob and Monod presented their alternative model for gene regulation, the operon, her controller argument was discarded as incorrect. Transposition, however, was soon discovered in microorganisms and by the late 1970s was recognized as a phenomenon of biomedical importance. For McClintock, the award of the 1983 Nobel Prize to her for the discovery of movable genetic elements, long treated as a legitimation, may well have been bittersweet. This new look at McClintock's experiments and theory has implications for the intellectual history of biology, the social history of American genetics, and McClintock's role in the historiography of women in science.
KW - Barbara
KW - Controlling elements
KW - Corn
KW - Development
KW - Gene expression regulation
KW - Genetics
KW - Maize
KW - McClintock
KW - Transposable elements
KW - Women scientists
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U2 - 10.1023/A:1004468625863
DO - 10.1023/A:1004468625863
M3 - Article
C2 - 11623812
AN - SCOPUS:0033089397
SN - 0022-5010
VL - 32
SP - 133
EP - 162
JO - Journal of the History of Biology
JF - Journal of the History of Biology
IS - 1
ER -