TY - JOUR
T1 - The Epidemiology of Trachoma in Darfur States and Khartoum State, Sudan
T2 - Results of 32 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys
AU - for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project
AU - Elshafie, Balgesa Elkheir
AU - Osman, Kamal Hashim
AU - Macleod, Colin
AU - Hassan, Awad
AU - Bush, Simon
AU - Dejene, Michael
AU - Willis, Rebecca
AU - Chu, Brian
AU - Courtright, Paul
AU - Solomon, Anthony W.
AU - Aboe, Agatha
AU - Adamu, Liknaw
AU - Alemayehu, Wondu
AU - Alemu, Menbere
AU - Alexander, Neal D.E.
AU - Bero, Berhanu
AU - Brooker, Simon J.
AU - Chu, Brian K.
AU - Emerson, Paul M.
AU - Flueckiger, Rebecca M.
AU - Foster, Allen
AU - Gadisa, Solomon
AU - Gass, Katherine
AU - Gebre, Teshome
AU - Habtamu, Zelalem
AU - Haddad, Danny
AU - Harvey, Erik
AU - Haslam, Dominic
AU - Kalua, Khumbo
AU - Kello, Amir B.
AU - King, Jonathan D.
AU - Le Mesurier, Richard
AU - Lewallen, Susan
AU - Lietman, Thomas M.
AU - MacArthur, Chad
AU - Mariotti, Silvio P.
AU - Massey, Anna
AU - Mathieu, Els
AU - McCullagh, Siobhain
AU - Mekasha, Addis
AU - Millar, Tom
AU - Mpyet, Caleb
AU - Muñoz, Beatriz
AU - Ngondi, Jeremiah
AU - Ogden, Stephanie
AU - Pavluck, Alex
AU - Pearce, Joseph
AU - Resnikoff, Serge
AU - Sarah, Virginia
AU - West, Sheila K.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was principally funded by the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) grant from the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (ARIES: 203145) to Sightsavers, which led a consortium of non-governmental organizations and academic institutions to support ministries of health to complete baseline trachoma mapping worldwide. The GTMP was also funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), through the ENVISION project implemented by RTI International under cooperative agreement number AID-OAA-A-11-00048, and the END in Asia project implemented by FHI360 under cooperative agreement number OAA-A-10-00051. A committee established in March 2012 to examine issues surrounding completion of global trachoma mapping was initially funded by a grant from Pfizer to the International Trachoma Initiative. AWS was a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Clinical Fellow (098521) at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and is now an employee of the World Health Organization (WHO); the views expressed in this article are the views of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of WHO. None of the funders had any role in project design, in project implementation or analysis or interpretation of data, in the decisions on where, how or when to publish in the peer-reviewed press, or in preparation of the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 The Authors. Published with License by Taylor & Francis.
PY - 2016/11/1
Y1 - 2016/11/1
N2 - Purpose: To complete the baseline trachoma map of Sudan by estimating the prevalence of trachoma and associated risk factors in the five Darfur States and Khartoum State. Methods: Using a standardized methodology developed for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project, we undertook a cross sectional, community-based survey in each of 32 evaluation units (EUs) covering all accessible districts. Results: We enumerated a total of 84,568 individuals, with 73,489 people (86.9%) examined from 20,242 households in 908 villages. The highest prevalence of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) in children was found in El Fashir district (18.7%), and the lowest in El Malha district (0.0%). Five districts (El Fashir, Zalinji, Azoom, Maleet, and El Koma) were in the three EUs that had TF prevalences above the 10% threshold at which the World Health Organization recommends mass treatment with azithromycin, together with facial clean3liness and environmental improvement interventions, for at least 3 years. The highest trachomatous trichiasis prevalence in adults was found in the EU composed of Forbranga and Habillah (1.2%), and the lowest in the EU composed of As-salam and Belale districts in South Darfur (0.0%). TF in children was independently associated with younger age, unimproved sanitation in the household, having ≥5 children in the household, outside annual maximum temperatures <40°C, and living in an internally displaced persons camp. Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of trachoma in some areas of Darfur, but in general the prevalence throughout Darfur and Khartoum was low.
AB - Purpose: To complete the baseline trachoma map of Sudan by estimating the prevalence of trachoma and associated risk factors in the five Darfur States and Khartoum State. Methods: Using a standardized methodology developed for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project, we undertook a cross sectional, community-based survey in each of 32 evaluation units (EUs) covering all accessible districts. Results: We enumerated a total of 84,568 individuals, with 73,489 people (86.9%) examined from 20,242 households in 908 villages. The highest prevalence of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) in children was found in El Fashir district (18.7%), and the lowest in El Malha district (0.0%). Five districts (El Fashir, Zalinji, Azoom, Maleet, and El Koma) were in the three EUs that had TF prevalences above the 10% threshold at which the World Health Organization recommends mass treatment with azithromycin, together with facial clean3liness and environmental improvement interventions, for at least 3 years. The highest trachomatous trichiasis prevalence in adults was found in the EU composed of Forbranga and Habillah (1.2%), and the lowest in the EU composed of As-salam and Belale districts in South Darfur (0.0%). TF in children was independently associated with younger age, unimproved sanitation in the household, having ≥5 children in the household, outside annual maximum temperatures <40°C, and living in an internally displaced persons camp. Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of trachoma in some areas of Darfur, but in general the prevalence throughout Darfur and Khartoum was low.
KW - Darfur
KW - Global Trachoma Mapping Project
KW - Khartoum
KW - Sudan
KW - prevalence
KW - trachoma
KW - trichiasis
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U2 - 10.1080/09286586.2016.1243718
DO - 10.1080/09286586.2016.1243718
M3 - Article
C2 - 27841721
AN - SCOPUS:84995912063
SN - 0928-6586
VL - 23
SP - 381
EP - 391
JO - Ophthalmic Epidemiology
JF - Ophthalmic Epidemiology
IS - 6
ER -