TY - JOUR
T1 - The effect of unstable housing on HIV treatment biomarkers
T2 - An instrumental variables approach
AU - Galárraga, Omar
AU - Rana, Aadia
AU - Rahman, Momotazur
AU - Cohen, Mardge
AU - Adimora, Adaora A.
AU - Sosanya, Oluwakemi
AU - Holman, Susan
AU - Kassaye, Seble
AU - Milam, Joel
AU - Cohen, Jennifer
AU - Golub, Elizabeth T.
AU - Metsch, Lisa R.
AU - Kempf, Mirjam Colette
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2018/10
Y1 - 2018/10
N2 - Unstable housing, including homelessness, is a public policy concern for all populations, and more critically for people with a serious health condition such as HIV. We measure the effect of unstable housing on HIV treatment biomarkers: viral suppression (viral load < 200 HIV RNA copies per ml) and adequate CD4+ T-cell count (CD4>350 cells per μl). We use panel data (1995–2015) from 3082 participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) sites in Bronx and Brooklyn (NY), Chicago (IL), Los Angeles and San Francisco (CA), and Washington (DC). The instrumental variable (IV) measures allocations for the Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS (HOPWA) per person newly infected with HIV, and it represents actual availability of housing assistance for HIV-positive persons at the metropolitan area level. Using an extended probit model with the IV, we find that unstable housing reduces the likelihood of viral suppression by 51 percentage points, and decreases the probability of having adequate CD4 cell count by 53 percentage points. The endogeneity-corrected results are larger than naïve probits, which show decreases of 8.1 and 7.8 percentage points, respectively. The hypothesized pathways for the effect are: decreased use of mental healthcare/counseling, any healthcare, and less continuity of care. Increasing efforts to improve housing assistance, including HOPWA, and other interventions to make housing more affordable for low-income populations, and HIV-positive populations in particular, may be warranted not only for the benefits of stable housing, but also to improve HIV-related biomarkers.
AB - Unstable housing, including homelessness, is a public policy concern for all populations, and more critically for people with a serious health condition such as HIV. We measure the effect of unstable housing on HIV treatment biomarkers: viral suppression (viral load < 200 HIV RNA copies per ml) and adequate CD4+ T-cell count (CD4>350 cells per μl). We use panel data (1995–2015) from 3082 participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) sites in Bronx and Brooklyn (NY), Chicago (IL), Los Angeles and San Francisco (CA), and Washington (DC). The instrumental variable (IV) measures allocations for the Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS (HOPWA) per person newly infected with HIV, and it represents actual availability of housing assistance for HIV-positive persons at the metropolitan area level. Using an extended probit model with the IV, we find that unstable housing reduces the likelihood of viral suppression by 51 percentage points, and decreases the probability of having adequate CD4 cell count by 53 percentage points. The endogeneity-corrected results are larger than naïve probits, which show decreases of 8.1 and 7.8 percentage points, respectively. The hypothesized pathways for the effect are: decreased use of mental healthcare/counseling, any healthcare, and less continuity of care. Increasing efforts to improve housing assistance, including HOPWA, and other interventions to make housing more affordable for low-income populations, and HIV-positive populations in particular, may be warranted not only for the benefits of stable housing, but also to improve HIV-related biomarkers.
KW - CD4 cell count
KW - HIV/AIDS
KW - Housing assistance
KW - Instrumental variables
KW - Unstable housing
KW - Viral suppression
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85052132965&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85052132965&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.051
DO - 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.051
M3 - Article
C2 - 30153546
AN - SCOPUS:85052132965
SN - 0277-9536
VL - 214
SP - 70
EP - 82
JO - Social Science and Medicine
JF - Social Science and Medicine
ER -