TY - JOUR
T1 - The bidirectional relationships between alcohol, cannabis, co-occurring alcohol and cannabis use disorders with major depressive disorder
T2 - Results from a national sample
AU - Pacek, Lauren R.
AU - Martins, Silvia S.
AU - Crum, Rosa M.
N1 - Funding Information:
The data reported herein come from the 2001–2002 Wave 1 and 2004–2005 Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) that was funded by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) , National Institutes of Health (NIH), with supplemental support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Fieldwork was conducted by the US Bureau of the Census. Data were obtained from the NESARC public use files.
PY - 2013/6
Y1 - 2013/6
N2 - Introduction: Alcohol use disorders (AUD) and cannabis use disorders (CUD) are common in the United States (US), and are associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Co-occurring alcohol and cannabis use/use disorders (AUD+CUD), though understudied, have been found to be associated with greater adverse outcomes than alcohol or cannabis use/use disorders alone. There is a paucity of research on the co-occurring relationships of the two disorders with depression. Methods: Data came from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a population-based longitudinal survey of the adult non-institutionalized, civilian population in the US. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations between: 1) baseline AUD, CUD, and co-occurring AUD+CUD with incident MDD at follow-up and 2) baseline MDD with incident AUD, CUD, and co-occurring AUD+CUD at follow-up, adjusted for potential confounding variables. Results: For Aim 1, most of the AUD and CUD were positively associated with MDD. The strongest associations with incident MDD were observed for cannabis dependence (OR=6.61, CI=1.67-26.21) and co-occurring alcohol and cannabis dependence (OR=2.34, CI=1.23-4.48). For Aim 2, baseline MDD was significantly associated with comparatively fewer cases of incident AUD and CUD but the strongest association was observed for new onset co-occurring alcohol and cannabis dependence (OR=4.51, CI=1.31-15.60). Limitations: The present study is limited by the potential for social desirability and recall biases. Discussion: Positive associations between AUD, CUD and MDD were observed bidirectionally. Findings have implications for preventive and treatment programs and initiatives.
AB - Introduction: Alcohol use disorders (AUD) and cannabis use disorders (CUD) are common in the United States (US), and are associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Co-occurring alcohol and cannabis use/use disorders (AUD+CUD), though understudied, have been found to be associated with greater adverse outcomes than alcohol or cannabis use/use disorders alone. There is a paucity of research on the co-occurring relationships of the two disorders with depression. Methods: Data came from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a population-based longitudinal survey of the adult non-institutionalized, civilian population in the US. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations between: 1) baseline AUD, CUD, and co-occurring AUD+CUD with incident MDD at follow-up and 2) baseline MDD with incident AUD, CUD, and co-occurring AUD+CUD at follow-up, adjusted for potential confounding variables. Results: For Aim 1, most of the AUD and CUD were positively associated with MDD. The strongest associations with incident MDD were observed for cannabis dependence (OR=6.61, CI=1.67-26.21) and co-occurring alcohol and cannabis dependence (OR=2.34, CI=1.23-4.48). For Aim 2, baseline MDD was significantly associated with comparatively fewer cases of incident AUD and CUD but the strongest association was observed for new onset co-occurring alcohol and cannabis dependence (OR=4.51, CI=1.31-15.60). Limitations: The present study is limited by the potential for social desirability and recall biases. Discussion: Positive associations between AUD, CUD and MDD were observed bidirectionally. Findings have implications for preventive and treatment programs and initiatives.
KW - Abuse
KW - Alcohol
KW - Cannabis
KW - Co-occurring use
KW - Dependence
KW - Depression
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.059
DO - 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.059
M3 - Article
C2 - 23260381
AN - SCOPUS:84877706139
SN - 0165-0327
VL - 148
SP - 188
EP - 195
JO - Journal of Affective Disorders
JF - Journal of Affective Disorders
IS - 2-3
ER -