TY - JOUR
T1 - The association among smoking, HSV-1 exposure, and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and non-psychiatric controls
AU - Dickerson, Faith
AU - Adamos, Maria B.
AU - Katsafanas, Emily
AU - Khushalani, Sunil
AU - Origoni, Andrea
AU - Savage, Christina L.G.
AU - Schroeder, Jennifer
AU - Schweinfurth, Lucy A.B.
AU - Stallings, Cassie
AU - Sweeney, Kevin
AU - Yolken, Robert
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by grant 07R-1690 from the Stanley Medical Research Institute .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Elsevier B.V.
Copyright:
Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2016/10/1
Y1 - 2016/10/1
N2 - Previous investigations have found that smokers with schizophrenia demonstrate reduced performance on cognitive tasks compared to non-smokers. However previous studies have not taken into account other environmental factors associated with cognitive functioning such as exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). We examined these factors in a sample consisting of individuals with schizophrenia (n = 773), bipolar disorder (n = 493), or controls without a psychiatric disorders (n = 548). Participants were assessed on a cognitive battery, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and had a blood sample drawn to measure seropositivity to HSV-1. Within each group linear regression models were constructed to determine whether cigarette smoking and HSV-1 seropositivity were jointly associated with cognitive functioning after adjusting for relevant covariates. Within the schizophrenia group, the effect size of lower total cognitive score was − 0.279 (p < 0.0001) for individuals who were both smokers and HSV-1 seropositive and a significant effect was found in all cognitive domains. The odds of being in the highest quartile of RBANS Total score were significantly lower for smokers (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.41, 0.82, p = 0.002). Smoking was not as consistently associated with levels of cognitive functioning in the bipolar disorder or the non-psychiatric control group. While experimental studies show that nicotine transiently improves functioning on sensory gating and attention tasks known to be deficient in schizophrenia, long-term nicotine exposure via smoking appears to have an adverse effect on cognitive functioning.
AB - Previous investigations have found that smokers with schizophrenia demonstrate reduced performance on cognitive tasks compared to non-smokers. However previous studies have not taken into account other environmental factors associated with cognitive functioning such as exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). We examined these factors in a sample consisting of individuals with schizophrenia (n = 773), bipolar disorder (n = 493), or controls without a psychiatric disorders (n = 548). Participants were assessed on a cognitive battery, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and had a blood sample drawn to measure seropositivity to HSV-1. Within each group linear regression models were constructed to determine whether cigarette smoking and HSV-1 seropositivity were jointly associated with cognitive functioning after adjusting for relevant covariates. Within the schizophrenia group, the effect size of lower total cognitive score was − 0.279 (p < 0.0001) for individuals who were both smokers and HSV-1 seropositive and a significant effect was found in all cognitive domains. The odds of being in the highest quartile of RBANS Total score were significantly lower for smokers (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.41, 0.82, p = 0.002). Smoking was not as consistently associated with levels of cognitive functioning in the bipolar disorder or the non-psychiatric control group. While experimental studies show that nicotine transiently improves functioning on sensory gating and attention tasks known to be deficient in schizophrenia, long-term nicotine exposure via smoking appears to have an adverse effect on cognitive functioning.
KW - Bipolar disorder
KW - Cognitive
KW - Herpes virus
KW - Nicotine
KW - Schizophrenia
KW - Smoking
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U2 - 10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.022
DO - 10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.022
M3 - Article
C2 - 27262384
AN - SCOPUS:84973911495
SN - 0920-9964
VL - 176
SP - 566
EP - 571
JO - Schizophrenia Research
JF - Schizophrenia Research
IS - 2-3
ER -