TY - JOUR
T1 - Suppression of Cytokine-lnduced Neutrophil Accumulation in Rat Mesenteric Venules in vivo by General Anesthesia
AU - Miller, L. S.
AU - Morita, Y.
AU - Rangan, U.
AU - Kondo, S.
AU - Clemens, M. G.
AU - Bulkley, Gregory B.
PY - 1996/1/1
Y1 - 1996/1/1
N2 - Most studies of neutrophil-endothelial interactions in vivo necessarily require the use of general anesthetic agents which are well known to be immunosuppressive. By using whole-mount preparations of the rat mesoappendix, we were able to study tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induced neutrophil adhesion to the mesenteric venular endothelium in vivo without necessarily using general anesthesia. TNF-α significantly increased venular-neutrophil accumulation in a dose-dependent manner; accumulation was markedly increased at 1,2, and 4 h, but returned to baseline after 24 h. After these preliminary dose-response and time-course studies, we evaluated the influence of standard clinically effective doses of several commonly used anesthetic agents (thiopental, pentobarbital, ketamine, α-chloralose, methoxyflurane, and halothane) on the extent of neutrophil-venular accumulation induced 2 h after intraperitoneal injection of 0.4 mg/kg TNF-α, compared to unanesthetized rats. All general anesthetics tested, with the exception of methoxyflurane, significantly suppressed this response. In most cases this suppression was striking (from 60 to 85%) such that a statistically significant proinflammatory response was obscured. Although methoxyflurane also tended to suppress this response to TNF-α, it was the only agent that allowed the response to be clearly seen. Because anesthesia markedly suppresses cytokine-induced neutrophil-venular adhesion, this model should provide an important complementary technique to the classical in vivo microcirculatory approaches which do necessarily require general anesthesia.
AB - Most studies of neutrophil-endothelial interactions in vivo necessarily require the use of general anesthetic agents which are well known to be immunosuppressive. By using whole-mount preparations of the rat mesoappendix, we were able to study tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induced neutrophil adhesion to the mesenteric venular endothelium in vivo without necessarily using general anesthesia. TNF-α significantly increased venular-neutrophil accumulation in a dose-dependent manner; accumulation was markedly increased at 1,2, and 4 h, but returned to baseline after 24 h. After these preliminary dose-response and time-course studies, we evaluated the influence of standard clinically effective doses of several commonly used anesthetic agents (thiopental, pentobarbital, ketamine, α-chloralose, methoxyflurane, and halothane) on the extent of neutrophil-venular accumulation induced 2 h after intraperitoneal injection of 0.4 mg/kg TNF-α, compared to unanesthetized rats. All general anesthetics tested, with the exception of methoxyflurane, significantly suppressed this response. In most cases this suppression was striking (from 60 to 85%) such that a statistically significant proinflammatory response was obscured. Although methoxyflurane also tended to suppress this response to TNF-α, it was the only agent that allowed the response to be clearly seen. Because anesthesia markedly suppresses cytokine-induced neutrophil-venular adhesion, this model should provide an important complementary technique to the classical in vivo microcirculatory approaches which do necessarily require general anesthesia.
KW - Esterase staining
KW - Immunosuppression
KW - Microvasculature
KW - Tumor necrosis factor alpha
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U2 - 10.1159/000179165
DO - 10.1159/000179165
M3 - Article
C2 - 8856389
AN - SCOPUS:0030133321
SN - 0167-6865
VL - 16
SP - 147
EP - 154
JO - International Journal of Microcirculation-Clinical and Experimental
JF - International Journal of Microcirculation-Clinical and Experimental
IS - 3
ER -