TY - JOUR
T1 - 64Cu-DOTA as a surrogate positron analog of Gd-DOTA for cardiac fibrosis detection with PET
T2 - Pharmacokinetic study in a rat model of chronic MI
AU - Kim, Heejung
AU - Lee, Sung Jin
AU - Davies-Venn, Cynthia
AU - Kim, Jin Su
AU - Yang, Bo Yeun
AU - Yao, Zhengsheng
AU - Kim, Insook
AU - Paik, Chang H.
AU - Bluemke, David A.
N1 - Funding Information:
This project has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. HHSN261200800001E (Dr Insook Kim). The authors thank Dr Roberto Maass-Morano for his critical review and comments, Dr Lawrence P. Szajek for providing 64Cu chloride, and Dr Kenneth Cheng for providing [18F]-FDG. They also thank Eden Dejene for her technical assistance with the in-vitro studies.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
PY - 2016
Y1 - 2016
N2 - Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of 64Cu-DOTA (1,4,7,10-azacyclododecane-N,N′,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid), a positron surrogate analog of the late gadolinium (Gd)-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance agent, Gd-DOTA, in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction (MI) and its microdistribution in the cardiac fibrosis by autoradiography. Methods DOTA was labeled with 64Cu-acetate. CD rats (n=5) with MI by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation and normal rats (n=6) were injected intravenously with 64Cu-DOTA (18.5MBq, 0.02 mmol DOTA/kg). Dynamic PET imaging was performed for 60 min after injection. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) PET imaging was performed to identify the viable myocardium. For the region of interest analysis, the 64Cu-DOTA PET image was coregistered to the [18F]-FDG PET image. To validate the PET images, slices of heart samples from the base to the apex were analyzed using autoradiography and by histological staining with Masson's trichrome. Results 64Cu-DOTA was rapidly taken up in the infarct area. The time-activity curves demonstrated that 64Cu-DOTA concentrations in the blood, fibrotic tissue, and perfusionrich organs peaked within a minute post injection; thereafter, it was rapidly washed out in parallel with blood clearance and excreted through the renal system. The blood clearance curve was biphasic, with a distribution half-life of less than 3 min and an elimination half-life of ∼21.8 min. The elimination half-life of 64Cu-DOTA from the focal fibrotic tissue (∼22.4 min) and the remote myocardium (∼20.1 min) was similar to the blood elimination half-life. Consequently, the uptake ratios of focal fibrosis-to-blood and remote myocardium-to-blood remained stable for the time period between 10 and 60 min. The corresponding ratios obtained from images acquired from 30 to 60 min were 1.09 and 0.59, respectively, indicating that the concentration of 64Cu-DOTA in the focal fibrosis was 1.85 (1.09/0.59) times greater than that in the remote myocardium. Thus, this finding indicates that the extracellular volume fraction was 1.85 times greater in the focal fibrosis than in the remote myocardium. The accumulation of 64Cu-DOTA in fibrotic tissue was further supported by autoradiography and histology images. The autoradiography images of 64Cu-DOTA in the fibrotic tissues were qualitatively superimposed over the histology images of the fibrotic tissues. The histology images of the infarct areas were characterized by a heterogeneous distribution of thin bands of fibrotic collagen, myocytes, and expanded extracellular space. Conclusion 64Cu-DOTA is a useful surrogate positron analog of Gd-DOTA, enabling quantitative measurement of the uptake values in fibrotic tissues by dynamic PET imaging and calculation of the extracellular volume fractions of the fibrotic tissues. At a microscopic level, the distribution of 64Cu-DOTA is nonuniform, corresponding to the heterogeneous distribution of expanded extracellular space in the setting of MI.
AB - Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of 64Cu-DOTA (1,4,7,10-azacyclododecane-N,N′,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid), a positron surrogate analog of the late gadolinium (Gd)-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance agent, Gd-DOTA, in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction (MI) and its microdistribution in the cardiac fibrosis by autoradiography. Methods DOTA was labeled with 64Cu-acetate. CD rats (n=5) with MI by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation and normal rats (n=6) were injected intravenously with 64Cu-DOTA (18.5MBq, 0.02 mmol DOTA/kg). Dynamic PET imaging was performed for 60 min after injection. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) PET imaging was performed to identify the viable myocardium. For the region of interest analysis, the 64Cu-DOTA PET image was coregistered to the [18F]-FDG PET image. To validate the PET images, slices of heart samples from the base to the apex were analyzed using autoradiography and by histological staining with Masson's trichrome. Results 64Cu-DOTA was rapidly taken up in the infarct area. The time-activity curves demonstrated that 64Cu-DOTA concentrations in the blood, fibrotic tissue, and perfusionrich organs peaked within a minute post injection; thereafter, it was rapidly washed out in parallel with blood clearance and excreted through the renal system. The blood clearance curve was biphasic, with a distribution half-life of less than 3 min and an elimination half-life of ∼21.8 min. The elimination half-life of 64Cu-DOTA from the focal fibrotic tissue (∼22.4 min) and the remote myocardium (∼20.1 min) was similar to the blood elimination half-life. Consequently, the uptake ratios of focal fibrosis-to-blood and remote myocardium-to-blood remained stable for the time period between 10 and 60 min. The corresponding ratios obtained from images acquired from 30 to 60 min were 1.09 and 0.59, respectively, indicating that the concentration of 64Cu-DOTA in the focal fibrosis was 1.85 (1.09/0.59) times greater than that in the remote myocardium. Thus, this finding indicates that the extracellular volume fraction was 1.85 times greater in the focal fibrosis than in the remote myocardium. The accumulation of 64Cu-DOTA in fibrotic tissue was further supported by autoradiography and histology images. The autoradiography images of 64Cu-DOTA in the fibrotic tissues were qualitatively superimposed over the histology images of the fibrotic tissues. The histology images of the infarct areas were characterized by a heterogeneous distribution of thin bands of fibrotic collagen, myocytes, and expanded extracellular space. Conclusion 64Cu-DOTA is a useful surrogate positron analog of Gd-DOTA, enabling quantitative measurement of the uptake values in fibrotic tissues by dynamic PET imaging and calculation of the extracellular volume fractions of the fibrotic tissues. At a microscopic level, the distribution of 64Cu-DOTA is nonuniform, corresponding to the heterogeneous distribution of expanded extracellular space in the setting of MI.
KW - Cu-DOTA
KW - Extracellular volume
KW - Myocardial infarction
KW - PET imaging
KW - Pharmacokinetics
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U2 - 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000417
DO - 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000417
M3 - Article
C2 - 26488428
AN - SCOPUS:84953364251
VL - 37
SP - 188
EP - 196
JO - Nuclear Medicine Communications
JF - Nuclear Medicine Communications
SN - 0143-3636
IS - 2
ER -