TY - JOUR
T1 - Subjective effects of the nicotine lozenge
T2 - Assessment of abuse liability
AU - Houtsmuller, Elisabeth J.
AU - Henningfield, Jack E.
AU - Stitzer, Maxine L.
PY - 2003/4
Y1 - 2003/4
N2 - Rationale: A nicotine lozenge was developed as a novel smoking cessation aid. Abuse liability, which in this context refers to use by novices not addicted to tobacco, may be expected to be low for the lozenge due to the relatively slow route of nicotine absorption. However, its resemblance to commercially marketed lozenges and its palatability, intended to increase medication compliance, may increase its abuse liability, especially among younger individuals. Objectives: The present study evaluated the abuse liability of the nicotine lozenge. Effects of the lozenge on cigarette craving were also measured. Methods: Subjective and physiological effects of the nicotine lozenge were tested in healthy adult smokers (n=12, 22-55 years old); a group of younger subjects (n=12, 18-21 years) was also included to allow for assessment of abuse liability of the lozenge in young adults specifically. Amphetamine and a confectionery lozenge were included in the study conditions as positive controls for abuse liability and palatability, respectively, and nicotine gum was included to allow for comparison with a marketed oral nicotine replacement product with low abuse liability. Results: The nicotine lozenge did not increase ratings of traditional abuse liability predictors (good effect, like effect, MBG scale of the ARCI), while amphetamine significantly increased ratings on these measures. The lozenge dose dependently decreased craving for cigarettes after 70 min of abstinence, but only in the older group. Palatability of the lozenge was rated lower than a confectionery lozenge, but not lower than nicotine mint gum. Conclusions: Results suggest that the nicotine lozenge has low abuse liability, both in adults and young adults. The lozenge reduces craving to smoke, although craving reduction may not apply to young adults (18-21 years). Subjective effects of the lozenge are consistent with utility as a smoking cessation aid and are comparable to those of nicotine gum.
AB - Rationale: A nicotine lozenge was developed as a novel smoking cessation aid. Abuse liability, which in this context refers to use by novices not addicted to tobacco, may be expected to be low for the lozenge due to the relatively slow route of nicotine absorption. However, its resemblance to commercially marketed lozenges and its palatability, intended to increase medication compliance, may increase its abuse liability, especially among younger individuals. Objectives: The present study evaluated the abuse liability of the nicotine lozenge. Effects of the lozenge on cigarette craving were also measured. Methods: Subjective and physiological effects of the nicotine lozenge were tested in healthy adult smokers (n=12, 22-55 years old); a group of younger subjects (n=12, 18-21 years) was also included to allow for assessment of abuse liability of the lozenge in young adults specifically. Amphetamine and a confectionery lozenge were included in the study conditions as positive controls for abuse liability and palatability, respectively, and nicotine gum was included to allow for comparison with a marketed oral nicotine replacement product with low abuse liability. Results: The nicotine lozenge did not increase ratings of traditional abuse liability predictors (good effect, like effect, MBG scale of the ARCI), while amphetamine significantly increased ratings on these measures. The lozenge dose dependently decreased craving for cigarettes after 70 min of abstinence, but only in the older group. Palatability of the lozenge was rated lower than a confectionery lozenge, but not lower than nicotine mint gum. Conclusions: Results suggest that the nicotine lozenge has low abuse liability, both in adults and young adults. The lozenge reduces craving to smoke, although craving reduction may not apply to young adults (18-21 years). Subjective effects of the lozenge are consistent with utility as a smoking cessation aid and are comparable to those of nicotine gum.
KW - Abuse liability
KW - Nicotine lozenge
KW - Smoking Craving
KW - Withdrawal
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U2 - 10.1007/s00213-002-1361-2
DO - 10.1007/s00213-002-1361-2
M3 - Article
C2 - 12616334
AN - SCOPUS:0038746990
SN - 0033-3158
VL - 167
SP - 20
EP - 27
JO - Psychopharmacology
JF - Psychopharmacology
IS - 1
ER -