@article{ac474a193ce24596a9d6065f2b4cdc82,
title = "Social inequalities contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in depressive symptomology among men who have sex with men",
abstract = "Purpose: Racial/ethnic minorities experience disproportionate rates of depressive symptoms in the United States. The magnitude that underlying factors—such as social inequalities—contribute to these symptoms is unknown. We sought to identify exposures that explain racial/ethnic differences in clinically significant depressive symptomology among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), a prospective cohort study, were used to examine clinically significant symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score ≥ 20) among non-Latinx White, non-Latinx Black, and Latinx MSM. We included 44,823 person-visits by 1729 MSM seen in the study sites of Baltimore/Washington, DC; Chicago; Pittsburgh/Columbus; and Los Angeles from 2000 to 2017. Regression models estimated the percentage of depressive symptom risk explained by social, treatment, and health-related variables related to race/ethnicity. Machine-learning methods were used to predict the impact of mitigating differences in determinants of depressive symptoms by race/ethnicity. Results: At the most recent non-missing MACS visit, 16% of non-Latinx White MSM reported clinically significant depressive symptoms, compared to 22% of non-Latinx Black and 25% of Latinx men. We found that income and social-environmental stress were the largest contributors to racial/ethnic disparities in risk for depressive symptoms. Similarly, setting the prevalence of these two exposures to be equal across racial/ethnic groups was estimated to be most effective at reducing levels of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Results suggested that reducing socioeconomic inequalities and stressful experiences may be effective public health targets to decrease racial/ethnic disparities in depressive symptoms among MSM.",
keywords = "Depressive symptoms, Men who have sex with men, Racial/ethnic health disparities, USA",
author = "Barrett, {Benjamin W.} and Abraham, {Alison G.} and Dean, {Lorraine T.} and Plankey, {Michael W.} and Friedman, {M. Reuel} and Jacobson, {Lisa P.} and Teplin, {Linda A.} and Gorbach, {Pamina M.} and Surkan, {Pamela J.}",
note = "Funding Information: Data in this manuscript were collected by the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)/Women{\textquoteright}s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Funding for the MWCCS was provided as follows (Principal Investigators at each site are listed within the first set of parentheses): Atlanta Clinical Research Site (CRS) (Ighovwerha Ofotokun, Anandi Sheth, and Gina Wingood), (grant U01-HL146241-01); Baltimore CRS (Todd Brown and Joseph Margolick), (grant U01-HL146201-01); Bronx CRS (Kathryn Anastos and Anjali Sharma), (grant U01-HL146204-01); Brooklyn CRS (Deborah Gustafson and Tracey Wilson), (grant U01-HL146202-01); Data Analysis and Coordination Center (Gypsyamber D{\textquoteright}Souza, Stephen Gange, and Elizabeth Golub), (grant U01-HL146193-01); Chicago–Cook County CRS (Mardge Cohen and Audrey French), (grant U01-HL146245-01); Chicago–Northwestern CRS (Steven Wolinsky), (grant U01-HL146240-01); Connie Wofsy Women{\textquoteright}s HIV Study, Northern California CRS (Bradley Aouizerat and Phyllis Tien), (grant U01-HL146242-01); Los Angeles CRS (Roger Detels and Otoniel Martinez-Maza), (grant U01-HL146333-01); Metropolitan Washington CRS (Seble Kassaye and Daniel Merenstein), (grant U01-HL146205-01); Miami CRS (Maria Alcaide, Margaret Fischl, and Deborah Jones), (grant U01-HL146203-01); Pittsburgh CRS (Jeremy Martinson and Charles Rinaldo), (grant U01-HL146208-01); UAB-MS CRS (Mirjam-Colette Kempf and Deborah Konkle-Parker), (grant U01-HL146192-01); and University of North Carolina CRS (Adaora Adimora), (grant U01-HL146194-01). Data from the MWCCS substudy, “Long Term Health Effects of Methamphetamine use in the MACS” (Principal Investigator Ronald D. Stall, Co-Principal Investigator Michael W. Plankey), (National Institute on Drug Abuse grant R01-DA022936), were used in this manuscript. Funding Information: The MWCCS is funded primarily by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), with additional co-funding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); and National Cancer Institute (NCI). Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (grant R03-MH103961). Dr. Dean{\textquoteright}s effort was supported by the National Cancer Institute (grant K01-CA184288); National Institute of Mental Health (grant R25-MH083620); Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center (grant P30-CA006973); and Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research (grant P30-AI094189). We are grateful to the anonymous referees for their constructive input. Funding Information: Data in this manuscript were collected by the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)/Women{\textquoteright}s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Funding for the MWCCS was provided as follows (Principal Investigators at each site are listed within the first set of parentheses): Atlanta Clinical Research Site (CRS) (Ighovwerha Ofotokun, Anandi Sheth, and Gina Wingood), (grant U01-HL146241-01); Baltimore CRS (Todd Brown and Joseph Margolick), (grant U01-HL146201-01); Bronx CRS (Kathryn Anastos and Anjali Sharma), (grant U01-HL146204-01); Brooklyn CRS (Deborah Gustafson and Tracey Wilson), (grant U01-HL146202-01); Data Analysis and Coordination Center (Gypsyamber D{\textquoteright}Souza, Stephen Gange, and Elizabeth Golub), (grant U01-HL146193-01); Chicago–Cook County CRS (Mardge Cohen and Audrey French), (grant U01-HL146245-01); Chicago–Northwestern CRS (Steven Wolinsky), (grant U01-HL146240-01); Connie Wofsy Women{\textquoteright}s HIV Study, Northern California CRS (Bradley Aouizerat and Phyllis Tien), (grant U01-HL146242-01); Los Angeles CRS (Roger Detels and Otoniel Martinez-Maza), (grant U01-HL146333-01); Metropolitan Washington CRS (Seble Kassaye and Daniel Merenstein), (grant U01-HL146205-01); Miami CRS (Maria Alcaide, Margaret Fischl, and Deborah Jones), (grant U01-HL146203-01); Pittsburgh CRS (Jeremy Martinson and Charles Rinaldo), (grant U01-HL146208-01); UAB-MS CRS (Mirjam-Colette Kempf and Deborah Konkle-Parker), (grant U01-HL146192-01); and University of North Carolina CRS (Adaora Adimora), (grant U01-HL146194-01). Data from the MWCCS substudy, “Long Term Health Effects of Methamphetamine use in the MACS” (Principal Investigator Ronald D. Stall, Co-Principal Investigator Michael W. Plankey), (National Institute on Drug Abuse grant R01-DA022936), were used in this manuscript. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.",
year = "2021",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1007/s00127-020-01940-7",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "56",
pages = "259--272",
journal = "Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology",
issn = "0933-7954",
publisher = "D. Steinkopff-Verlag",
number = "2",
}