TY - JOUR
T1 - Social competence in parents increases children's educational attainment
T2 - Replicable genetically-mediated effects of parenting revealed by non-transmitted DNA
AU - Bates, Timothy C.
AU - Maher, Brion S.
AU - Colodro-Conde, Lucía
AU - Medland, Sarah E.
AU - McAloney, Kerrie
AU - Wright, Margaret J.
AU - Hansell, Narelle K.
AU - Okbay, Aysu
AU - Kendler, Kenneth S.
AU - Martin, Nicholas G.
AU - Gillespie, Nathan A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2019.
PY - 2019/2/1
Y1 - 2019/2/1
N2 - We recently reported an association of offspring educational attainment with polygenic risk scores (PRS) computed on parent's non-transmitted alleles for educational attainment using the second GWAS meta-analysis article on educational attainment published by the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. Here we test the replication of these findings using a more powerful PRS from the third GWAS meta-analysis article by the Consortium. Each of the key findings of our previous paper is replicated using this improved PRS (N = 2335 adolescent twins and their genotyped parents). The association of children's attainment with their own PRS increased substantially with the standardized effect size, moving from β = 0.134, 95% CI = 0.079, 0.188 for EA2, to β = 0.223, 95% CI = 0.169, 0.278, p <.001, for EA3. Parent's PRS again predicted the socioeconomic status (SES) they provided to their offspring and increased from β = 0.201, 95% CI = 0.147, 0.256 to β = 0.286, 95% CI = 0.239, 0.333. Importantly, the PRS for alleles not transmitted to their offspring - therefore acting via the parenting environment - was increased in effect size from β = 0.058, 95% CI = 0.003, 0.114 to β = 0.067, 95% CI = 0.012, 0.122, p =.016. As previously found, this non-transmitted genetic effect was fully accounted for by parental SES. The findings reinforce the conclusion that genetic effects of parenting are substantial, explain approximately one-third the magnitude of an individual's own genetic inheritance and are mediated by parental socioeconomic competence.
AB - We recently reported an association of offspring educational attainment with polygenic risk scores (PRS) computed on parent's non-transmitted alleles for educational attainment using the second GWAS meta-analysis article on educational attainment published by the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. Here we test the replication of these findings using a more powerful PRS from the third GWAS meta-analysis article by the Consortium. Each of the key findings of our previous paper is replicated using this improved PRS (N = 2335 adolescent twins and their genotyped parents). The association of children's attainment with their own PRS increased substantially with the standardized effect size, moving from β = 0.134, 95% CI = 0.079, 0.188 for EA2, to β = 0.223, 95% CI = 0.169, 0.278, p <.001, for EA3. Parent's PRS again predicted the socioeconomic status (SES) they provided to their offspring and increased from β = 0.201, 95% CI = 0.147, 0.256 to β = 0.286, 95% CI = 0.239, 0.333. Importantly, the PRS for alleles not transmitted to their offspring - therefore acting via the parenting environment - was increased in effect size from β = 0.058, 95% CI = 0.003, 0.114 to β = 0.067, 95% CI = 0.012, 0.122, p =.016. As previously found, this non-transmitted genetic effect was fully accounted for by parental SES. The findings reinforce the conclusion that genetic effects of parenting are substantial, explain approximately one-third the magnitude of an individual's own genetic inheritance and are mediated by parental socioeconomic competence.
KW - PRS
KW - SES
KW - educational attainment
KW - non-transmitted genotype
KW - parental environment
KW - parenting
KW - polygenic risk scores
KW - socioeconomic status
KW - virtual-parent design
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U2 - 10.1017/thg.2018.75
DO - 10.1017/thg.2018.75
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30661510
AN - SCOPUS:85060365334
SN - 1832-4274
VL - 22
SP - 70
EP - 74
JO - Twin Research and Human Genetics
JF - Twin Research and Human Genetics
IS - 1
ER -