TY - JOUR
T1 - Signaling mechanisms regulating adult neural stem cells and neurogenesis
AU - Faigle, Roland
AU - Song, Hongjun
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank K. Christian for comments. The research in Dr. Song's laboratory was supported by NIH ( NS047344 and MH087874 ), IMHRO , and SAFRI . R. Faigle is the recipient of an NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke R25 training grant.
PY - 2013/2
Y1 - 2013/2
N2 - Background: Adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life in discrete regions of the mammalian brain and is tightly regulated via both extrinsic environmental influences and intrinsic genetic factors. In recent years, several crucial signaling pathways have been identified in regulating self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells, as well as migration and functional integration of developing neurons in the adult brain. Scope of review: Here we review our current understanding of signaling mechanisms, including Wnt, notch, sonic hedgehog, growth and neurotrophic factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, neurotransmitters, transcription factors, and epigenetic modulators, and crosstalk between these signaling pathways in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. We also highlight emerging principles in the vastly growing field of adult neural stem cell biology and neural plasticity. Major conclusions: Recent methodological advances have enabled the field to identify signaling mechanisms that fine-tune and coordinate neurogenesis in the adult brain, leading to a better characterization of both cell-intrinsic and environmental cues defining the neurogenic niche. Significant questions related to niche cell identity and underlying regulatory mechanisms remain to be fully addressed and will be the focus of future studies. General significance: A full understanding of the role and function of individual signaling pathways in regulating neural stem cells and generation and integration of newborn neurons in the adult brain may lead to targeted new therapies for neurological diseases in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
AB - Background: Adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life in discrete regions of the mammalian brain and is tightly regulated via both extrinsic environmental influences and intrinsic genetic factors. In recent years, several crucial signaling pathways have been identified in regulating self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells, as well as migration and functional integration of developing neurons in the adult brain. Scope of review: Here we review our current understanding of signaling mechanisms, including Wnt, notch, sonic hedgehog, growth and neurotrophic factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, neurotransmitters, transcription factors, and epigenetic modulators, and crosstalk between these signaling pathways in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. We also highlight emerging principles in the vastly growing field of adult neural stem cell biology and neural plasticity. Major conclusions: Recent methodological advances have enabled the field to identify signaling mechanisms that fine-tune and coordinate neurogenesis in the adult brain, leading to a better characterization of both cell-intrinsic and environmental cues defining the neurogenic niche. Significant questions related to niche cell identity and underlying regulatory mechanisms remain to be fully addressed and will be the focus of future studies. General significance: A full understanding of the role and function of individual signaling pathways in regulating neural stem cells and generation and integration of newborn neurons in the adult brain may lead to targeted new therapies for neurological diseases in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
KW - Adult neurogenesis
KW - Neural stem cell
KW - Niche
KW - Signaling
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U2 - 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.002
DO - 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.002
M3 - Review article
C2 - 22982587
AN - SCOPUS:84872498439
SN - 0304-4165
VL - 1830
SP - 2435
EP - 2448
JO - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects
JF - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects
IS - 2
ER -