@article{f24c9a2515414ae7ba2fb3d988f43a8c,
title = "Should controls with respiratory symptoms be excluded from case-control studies of pneumonia etiology? Reflections from the PERCH study",
abstract = "Many pneumonia etiology case-control studies exclude controls with respiratory illness from enrollment or analyses. Herein we argue that selecting controls regardless of respiratory symptoms provides the least biased estimates of pneumonia etiology. We review reasons investigators may choose to exclude controls with respiratory symptoms in light of epidemiologic principles of control selection and present data from the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study where relevant to assess their validity. We conclude that exclusion of controls with respiratory symptoms will result in biased estimates of etiology. Randomly selected community controls, with or without respiratory symptoms, as long as they do not meet the criteria for case-defining pneumonia, are most representative of the general population from which cases arose and the least subject to selection bias.",
keywords = "Control selection, PERCH, Pneumonia etiology, Respiratory symptoms, Selection bias",
author = "{PERCH Study Group} and Higdon, {Melissa M.} and Hammitt, {Laura L.} and Knoll, {Maria Deloria} and Baggett, {Henry C.} and Brooks, {W. Abdullah} and Howie, {Stephen R.C.} and Kotloff, {Karen L.} and Levine, {Orin S.} and Madhi, {Shabir A.} and Murdoch, {David R.} and Scott, {J. Anthony G.} and Thea, {Donald M.} and Driscoll, {Amanda J.} and Karron, {Ruth A.} and Park, {Daniel E.} and Christine Prosperi and Zeger, {Scott L.} and O'Brien, {Katherine L.} and Feikin, {Daniel R.} and DeLuca, {Andrea N.} and Wei Fu and Kagucia, {E. Wangeci} and Mengying Li and Zhenke Wu and Watson, {Nora L.} and Jane Crawley and Endtz, {Hubert P.} and Khalequ Zaman and Doli Goswami and Lokman Hossain and Yasmin Jahan and Hasan Ashraf and Ebruke, {Bernard E.} and Martin Antonio and Jessica McLellan and Eunice Machuka and Arifin Shamsul and Zaman, {Syed M.A.} and Grant Mackenzie and Awori, {Juliet O.} and Morpeth, {Susan C.} and Alice Kamau and Sidi Kazungu and Tapia, {Milagritos D.} and Sow, {Samba O.} and Mamadou Sylla and Boubou Tamboura and Uma Onwuchekwa and Nana Kourouma and Aliou Toure",
note = "Funding Information: Supplement sponsorship. This article appears as part of the supplement “Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH): Foundational Basis for the Primary Etiology Results,” sponsored by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the PERCH study of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. Funding Information: Financial support. PERCH was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number 48968 to the International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health). J. A. G. S. was supported by a clinical fellowship from the Wellcome Trust of Great Britain (award number 098532). Funding Information: Potential conflicts of interest. M. D. K. has received funding for consultancies from Merck, Pfizer, Novartis, and grant funding from Merck. L. L. H. has received grant funding from Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline. K. L. K. has received grant funding from Merck Sharp & Dohme. S. A. M. has received honoraria for serving on advisory boards for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Pfizer, Medimmune, and Novartis; has received institutional grants from GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Minervax, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; and has served on speaker{\textquoteright}s bureaus for Sanofi Pasteur and GSK. K. L. O. has received grant funding from Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline and has served on technical advisory boards for Merck, Sanofi Pasteur, PATH, Affinivax, and ClearPath. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author 2017.",
year = "2017",
doi = "10.1093/cid/cix076",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "64",
pages = "S205--S212",
journal = "Clinical Infectious Diseases",
issn = "1058-4838",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
}