TY - JOUR
T1 - Sex differences in upper tract urothelial carcinomas
AU - Singla, Nirmish
AU - Ghandour, Rashed A.
AU - Margulis, Vitaly
N1 - Funding Information:
The work was supported by the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award T32 CA136515-09 (N.S.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Physician Scientist Training Program (N.S.).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
PY - 2019/5/1
Y1 - 2019/5/1
N2 - Purpose of reviewTo evaluate contemporary sex-specific differences in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) by reviewing diagnostic considerations, clinicopathologic features, oncologic outcomes, environmental exposures, and regional variation in UTUC by sex.Recent findingsAlthough some contemporary studies implicate sex-based differences in UTUC, the literature concerning the effect of sex on clinicopathologic features and oncologic outcomes in UTUC reveals mixed findings. Factors accounting for the time to diagnosis in UTUC seem to differ between men and women. The epidemiology and outcomes of UTUC are largely influenced by geographic variation in the disease, which may be due to differences in exposure to environmental risk factors. Sex-based variations and potential differences in disease biology remain to be elucidated.SummaryA global consensus on the effect of sex on clinicopathologic characteristics and oncologic outcomes in UTUC has not been established definitively. Review of this topic does, however, shed light on important considerations given differences in the time to diagnosis, risk factors, and regional variation by sex. Further studies evaluating genetic, anatomic, physiologic, and socioeconomic differences between men and women with UTUC may provide further insight into understanding the effect of sex in UTUC.
AB - Purpose of reviewTo evaluate contemporary sex-specific differences in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) by reviewing diagnostic considerations, clinicopathologic features, oncologic outcomes, environmental exposures, and regional variation in UTUC by sex.Recent findingsAlthough some contemporary studies implicate sex-based differences in UTUC, the literature concerning the effect of sex on clinicopathologic features and oncologic outcomes in UTUC reveals mixed findings. Factors accounting for the time to diagnosis in UTUC seem to differ between men and women. The epidemiology and outcomes of UTUC are largely influenced by geographic variation in the disease, which may be due to differences in exposure to environmental risk factors. Sex-based variations and potential differences in disease biology remain to be elucidated.SummaryA global consensus on the effect of sex on clinicopathologic characteristics and oncologic outcomes in UTUC has not been established definitively. Review of this topic does, however, shed light on important considerations given differences in the time to diagnosis, risk factors, and regional variation by sex. Further studies evaluating genetic, anatomic, physiologic, and socioeconomic differences between men and women with UTUC may provide further insight into understanding the effect of sex in UTUC.
KW - epidemiology
KW - outcomes
KW - sex
KW - upper tract urothelial carcinoma
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U2 - 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000596
DO - 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000596
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30762671
AN - SCOPUS:85064315590
SN - 0963-0643
VL - 29
SP - 256
EP - 260
JO - Current opinion in urology
JF - Current opinion in urology
IS - 3
ER -