TY - JOUR
T1 - Secondhand tobacco smoke
T2 - A source of lead exposure in US children and adolescents
AU - Apostolou, Andria
AU - Garcia-Esquinas, Esther
AU - Fadrowski, Jeffrey J.
AU - McLain, Pat
AU - Weaver, Virginia M.
AU - Navas-Acien, Ana
PY - 2012/4
Y1 - 2012/4
N2 - Objectives. We evaluated the relationship between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and blood lead levels in US children and adolescents. Methods. We analyzed data from 6830 participants aged 3-19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004) who were not active smokers and for whom SHS exposure information and blood lead measurements were available. Results. After multivariable adjustment, participants in the highest quartile of serum cotinine (≥0.44 μg/L) had 28% (95% confidence interval=21%, 36%) higher blood lead levels than had those in the lowest quartile (<0.03 lg/L). Similarly, blood lead levels were 14% and 24% higher in children who lived with 1 or with 2 or more smokers, respectively, than they were in children living with no smokers. Among participants for whom lead dust information was available, the associations between SHS and blood lead levels were similar before and after adjustment for lead dust concentrations. Conclusions. SHS may contribute to increased blood lead levels in US children. Lead dust does not appear to mediate this association, suggesting inhalation as a major pathway of exposure. Eliminating SHS exposure could reduce lead exposure in children.
AB - Objectives. We evaluated the relationship between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and blood lead levels in US children and adolescents. Methods. We analyzed data from 6830 participants aged 3-19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004) who were not active smokers and for whom SHS exposure information and blood lead measurements were available. Results. After multivariable adjustment, participants in the highest quartile of serum cotinine (≥0.44 μg/L) had 28% (95% confidence interval=21%, 36%) higher blood lead levels than had those in the lowest quartile (<0.03 lg/L). Similarly, blood lead levels were 14% and 24% higher in children who lived with 1 or with 2 or more smokers, respectively, than they were in children living with no smokers. Among participants for whom lead dust information was available, the associations between SHS and blood lead levels were similar before and after adjustment for lead dust concentrations. Conclusions. SHS may contribute to increased blood lead levels in US children. Lead dust does not appear to mediate this association, suggesting inhalation as a major pathway of exposure. Eliminating SHS exposure could reduce lead exposure in children.
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U2 - 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300161
DO - 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300161
M3 - Article
C2 - 21852639
AN - SCOPUS:84859038825
SN - 0090-0036
VL - 102
SP - 714
EP - 722
JO - American journal of public health
JF - American journal of public health
IS - 4
ER -