TY - JOUR
T1 - Role of glia in optic nerve
AU - Yazdankhah, Meysam
AU - Shang, Peng
AU - Ghosh, Sayan
AU - Hose, Stacey
AU - Liu, Haitao
AU - Weiss, Joseph
AU - Fitting, Christopher S.
AU - Bhutto, Imran A.
AU - Zigler, J. Samuel
AU - Qian, Jiang
AU - Sahel, José Alain
AU - Sinha, Debasish
AU - Stepicheva, Nadezda A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2021/3
Y1 - 2021/3
N2 - Glial cells are critically important for maintenance of neuronal activity in the central nervous system (CNS), including the optic nerve (ON). However, the ON has several unique characteristics, such as an extremely high myelination level of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons throughout the length of the nerve (with virtually all fibers myelinated by 7 months of age in humans), lack of synapses and very narrow geometry. Moreover, the optic nerve head (ONH) – a region where the RGC axons exit the eye – represents an interesting area that is morphologically distinct in different species. In many cases of multiple sclerosis (demyelinating disease of the CNS) vision problems are the first manifestation of the disease, suggesting that RGCs and/or glia in the ON are more sensitive to pathological conditions than cells in other parts of the CNS. Here, we summarize current knowledge on glial organization and function in the ON, focusing on glial support of RGCs. We cover both well-established concepts on the important role of glial cells in ON health and new findings, including novel insights into mechanisms of remyelination, microglia/NG2 cell-cell interaction, astrocyte reactivity and the regulation of reactive astrogliosis by mitochondrial fragmentation in microglia.
AB - Glial cells are critically important for maintenance of neuronal activity in the central nervous system (CNS), including the optic nerve (ON). However, the ON has several unique characteristics, such as an extremely high myelination level of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons throughout the length of the nerve (with virtually all fibers myelinated by 7 months of age in humans), lack of synapses and very narrow geometry. Moreover, the optic nerve head (ONH) – a region where the RGC axons exit the eye – represents an interesting area that is morphologically distinct in different species. In many cases of multiple sclerosis (demyelinating disease of the CNS) vision problems are the first manifestation of the disease, suggesting that RGCs and/or glia in the ON are more sensitive to pathological conditions than cells in other parts of the CNS. Here, we summarize current knowledge on glial organization and function in the ON, focusing on glial support of RGCs. We cover both well-established concepts on the important role of glial cells in ON health and new findings, including novel insights into mechanisms of remyelination, microglia/NG2 cell-cell interaction, astrocyte reactivity and the regulation of reactive astrogliosis by mitochondrial fragmentation in microglia.
KW - Astrocytes
KW - Glia
KW - Microglia
KW - Neuron glial 2 (NG2) cells
KW - Oligodendrocytes
KW - Optic nerve (ON)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85089742612&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85089742612&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100886
DO - 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100886
M3 - Review article
C2 - 32771538
AN - SCOPUS:85089742612
SN - 1350-9462
VL - 81
JO - Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
JF - Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
M1 - 100886
ER -