@inbook{1f1da27c25a84bd7b38e7c05d53d0f09,
title = "Risk Factors and Risk Assessment",
author = "Goldstein, {Nancy S.} and Ziegfeld, {Constance R.}",
note = "Funding Information: Over the last few decades, many women have used hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (usually in the form of estrogen plus progestin) to moderate the effects of menopause. Some women have used this therapy as a short-term solution, but others have taken these drugs for many years. Current research shows that the risks of using combination HRT outweigh its benefits. 24 All women, especially women at high risk for breast cancer, are encouraged to avoid long-term (more than 5 years) hormone replacement, if possible. 30 The Women's Health Initiative (WHI), sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), undertook comprehensive research that has changed the use of postmenopausal hormones. The study was stopped in 2002 because of findings that the risks of taking combined estrogen and progestin were greater than the benefits to postmenopausal women. (Note that women who have had a hysterectomy and were on estrogen replacement therapy only did not have an increased incidence of breast cancer.) As a result of these findings, use of combination hormone replacement therapy (HRT) dropped dramatically in postmenopausal women. 30 Recent studies suggest that the recent drop seen in the incidence of breast cancer (see Fig. 4-2 ) is due to this drop in the use of HRT. 1, 31 Copyright: Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2011",
doi = "10.1016/B978-1-4160-4932-6.50009-3",
language = "English (US)",
isbn = "9781416049326",
pages = "55--69",
booktitle = "Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer Series",
publisher = "Elsevier Inc.",
}