Abstract
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) represents a recently described condition that may potentially contribute to the symptoms experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis. The evaluation of a prospective patient for CCSVI often involves an invasive evaluation with venography of the internal jugular and azygos veins. The purpose of this article is to review the normal anatomy of the internal jugular, vertebral, and azygos veins, as an understanding of these veins is necessary for appropriate interpretation of the venograms obtained to evaluate patients for CCSVI.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 1681-1690 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology |
Volume | 22 |
Issue number | 12 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Dec 2011 |
Keywords
- AJV
- AP
- CCSVI
- EJV
- IJV
- LAO
- RAO
- SVC
- anterior jugular vein
- anteroposterior
- chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
- external jugular vein
- internal jugular vein
- left anterior oblique
- right anterior oblique
- superior vena cava
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine