Retinal and choroidal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, immunological disorder that may affect multiple organ systems. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the most common ocular manifestation, but visual morbidity is usually due to retinal and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of the disease. Ocular manifestations of lupus are a reflection of systemic disease. The presence of ocular manifestations should alert the clinician to the likely presence of disease activity elsewhere. Therefore, all patients with ocular lupus should be carefully evaluated for systemic involvement to detect potentially treatable and preventable complications of the disease. In addition, the ophthalmologist should include SLE in the differential diagnosis of many retinal vascular and neuro-ophthalmic disorders. The ophthalmologist may play an important role in the care of patients with SLE since ocular in flammatory lesions may precede potentially serious extraocular disease.