Recent progress in the use and tracking of transplanted islets as a personalized treatment for type 1 diabetes

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas produces insufficient amounts of insulin. T1DM patients require exogenous sources of insulin to maintain euglycemia. Transplantation of naked or microencapsulated pancreatic islets represents an alternative paradigm to obtain an autonomous regulation of blood glucose levels in a controlled and personalized fashion. However, once transplanted, the fate of these personalized cellular therapeutics is largely unknown, justifying the development of non-invasive tracking techniques. Areas covered: In vivo imaging of naked pancreatic islet transplantation, monitoring of microencapsulated islet transplantation, visualizing pancreatic inflammation, imaging of molecular-genetic therapeutics, imaging of beta cell function. Expert commentary: There are still several hurdles to overcome before (microencapsulated) islet cell transplantation will become a mainstay therapy. Non-invasive imaging methods that can track graft volume, graft rejection, graft function (insulin secretion), microcapsule engraftment, microcapsule rupture, and pancreatic inflammation are currently being developed to design the best experimental transplantation paradigms.