TY - JOUR
T1 - Race/Ethnicity and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults With CKD
T2 - Findings From the CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) and Hispanic CRIC Studies
AU - Lash, James P.
AU - Ricardo, Ana C.
AU - Roy, Jason
AU - Deo, Rajat
AU - Fischer, Michael
AU - Flack, John
AU - He, Jiang
AU - Keane, Martin
AU - Lora, Claudia
AU - Ojo, Akinlolu
AU - Rahman, Mahboob
AU - Steigerwalt, Susan
AU - Tao, Kaixiang
AU - Wolf, Myles
AU - Wright, Jackson T.
AU - Go, Alan S.
AU - Appel, Lawrence J.
AU - Feldman, Harold I.
AU - Go, Alan S.
AU - Kusek, John W.
AU - Rahman, Mahboob
AU - Townsend, Raymond R.
N1 - Funding Information:
Support: Funding for the CRIC Study was obtained under a cooperative agreement from the US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK; U01DK060990 , U01DK060984 , U01DK061022 , U01DK061021 , U01DK061028 , U01DK060980 , U01DK060963 , and U01DK060902 ). In addition, this work was supported in part by the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Clinical and Translational Science Award National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences UL1TR000003 , Johns Hopkins University UL1 TR-000424 , University of Maryland General Clinic Research Center M01 RR-16500 , Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Cleveland, UL1TR000439 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) component of the NIH and NIH roadmap for Medical Research, Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research UL1TR000433 , University of Illinois at Chicago Clinical and Translational Science Award UL1RR029879 , Tulane University Translational Research in Hypertension and Renal Biology P30GM103337 , Kaiser Permanente Northern California NIH/National Center for Research Resources University of California San Francisco−Clinical and Translational Science Institute UL1 RR-024131 . Drs Lash, Ricardo, and Lora are funded by the NIDDK (grants K24DK092290 , K23DK094829 , and K23DK091313 , respectively). Dr Wolf is supported by grants R01DK076116 , R01DK081374 , R01DK094796 , K24DK093723 , R21DK100754 , and U01DK099930 from the NIH , and a Strategically Focused Research Network Center Grant from the American Heart Association.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
PY - 2016/10/1
Y1 - 2016/10/1
N2 - Background Non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics with end-stage renal disease have a lower risk for death than non-Hispanic whites, but data for racial/ethnic variation in cardiovascular outcomes for non–dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease are limited. Study Design Prospective cohort. Setting & Participants 3,785 adults with entry estimated glomerular filtration rates of 20 to 70 mL/min/1.73 m2 enrolled in the CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) Study. Predictors Race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic). Outcomes Cardiovascular outcomes (atherosclerotic events [myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease] and heart failure) and a composite of each cardiovascular outcome or all-cause death. Measurements Multivariable Cox proportional hazards. Results During a median follow-up of 6.6 years, we observed 506 atherosclerotic events, 551 heart failure events, and 692 deaths. In regression analyses, there were no significant differences in atherosclerotic events among the 3 racial/ethnic groups. In analyses stratified by clinical site, non-Hispanic blacks had a higher risk for heart failure events (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.29-1.95), which became nonsignificant after adjustment for demographic factors and baseline kidney function. In contrast, Hispanics had similar risk for heart failure events as non-Hispanic whites. In analyses stratified by clinical site, compared with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks were at similar risk for atherosclerotic events or death. However, after further adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, medications, and mineral metabolism markers, non-Hispanic blacks had 17% lower risk for the outcome (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69-0.99) than non-Hispanic whites, whereas there was no significant association with Hispanic ethnicity. Limitations Hispanics were largely recruited from a single center, and the study was underpowered to evaluate the association between Hispanic ethnicity and mortality. Conclusions There were no significant racial/ethnic differences in adjusted risk for atherosclerotic or heart failure outcomes. Future research is needed to better explain the reduced risk for atherosclerotic events or death in non-Hispanic blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites.
AB - Background Non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics with end-stage renal disease have a lower risk for death than non-Hispanic whites, but data for racial/ethnic variation in cardiovascular outcomes for non–dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease are limited. Study Design Prospective cohort. Setting & Participants 3,785 adults with entry estimated glomerular filtration rates of 20 to 70 mL/min/1.73 m2 enrolled in the CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) Study. Predictors Race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic). Outcomes Cardiovascular outcomes (atherosclerotic events [myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease] and heart failure) and a composite of each cardiovascular outcome or all-cause death. Measurements Multivariable Cox proportional hazards. Results During a median follow-up of 6.6 years, we observed 506 atherosclerotic events, 551 heart failure events, and 692 deaths. In regression analyses, there were no significant differences in atherosclerotic events among the 3 racial/ethnic groups. In analyses stratified by clinical site, non-Hispanic blacks had a higher risk for heart failure events (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.29-1.95), which became nonsignificant after adjustment for demographic factors and baseline kidney function. In contrast, Hispanics had similar risk for heart failure events as non-Hispanic whites. In analyses stratified by clinical site, compared with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks were at similar risk for atherosclerotic events or death. However, after further adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, medications, and mineral metabolism markers, non-Hispanic blacks had 17% lower risk for the outcome (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69-0.99) than non-Hispanic whites, whereas there was no significant association with Hispanic ethnicity. Limitations Hispanics were largely recruited from a single center, and the study was underpowered to evaluate the association between Hispanic ethnicity and mortality. Conclusions There were no significant racial/ethnic differences in adjusted risk for atherosclerotic or heart failure outcomes. Future research is needed to better explain the reduced risk for atherosclerotic events or death in non-Hispanic blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites.
KW - CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort)
KW - Hispanic
KW - Hispanic CRIC
KW - Race
KW - atherosclerotic cardiovascular events
KW - dialysis
KW - end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
KW - ethnicity
KW - heart failure
KW - racial disparities
KW - racial/ethnic variation
KW - survival paradox
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U2 - 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.03.429
DO - 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.03.429
M3 - Article
C2 - 27209443
AN - SCOPUS:84975514017
SN - 0272-6386
VL - 68
SP - 545
EP - 553
JO - American Journal of Kidney Diseases
JF - American Journal of Kidney Diseases
IS - 4
ER -