Prospective randomized comparison of the safety and effectiveness of placement of endocardial pacemaker and defibrillator leads using the extrathoracic subclavian vein guided by contrast venography versus the cephalic approach

Hugh Calkins, Brian M. Ramza, Jeffrey Brinker, Water Atiga, Kevin Donahue, Emmanuel Nsah, Eric Taylor, Henry Halperin, John H. Lawrence, Gordon Tomaselli, Ronald D. Berger

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