TY - JOUR
T1 - Prospective CT screening for lung cancer in a high-risk population
T2 - HIV-positive smokers
AU - Hulbert, Alicia
AU - Hooker, Craig M.
AU - Keruly, Jeanne C.
AU - Brown, Travis
AU - Horton, Karen
AU - Fishman, Eliott
AU - Rodgers, Kristen
AU - Lee, Beverly
AU - Sam, Celis
AU - Tsai, Salina
AU - Weihe, Elizabeth
AU - Pridham, Genevieve
AU - Drummond, Brad
AU - Merlo, Christian
AU - Geronimo, Maria
AU - Porter, Michelle
AU - Cox, Solange
AU - Li, Dan
AU - Harline, Marian
AU - Teran, Mario
AU - Wrangle, John
AU - Mudge, Beatrice
AU - Taylor, Gregory
AU - Kirk, Gregory D.
AU - Herman, James G.
AU - Moore, Richard D.
AU - Brown, Robert H.
AU - Brock, Malcolm V.
PY - 2014/6
Y1 - 2014/6
N2 - BACKGROUND:: Epidemiological evidence suggests that HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk of lung cancer, but no data exist because large computed tomography (CT) screening trials routinely exclude HIV-infected participants. METHODS:: From 2006 to 2013, we conducted the world's first lung cancer screening trial of 224 HIV-infected current/former smokers to assess the CT detection rates of lung cancer. We also used 130 HIV-infected patients with known lung cancer to determine radiographic markers of lung cancer risk using multivariate analysis. RESULTS:: Median age was 48 years with 34 pack-years smoked. During 678 person-years, one lung cancer was found on incident screening. Besides this lung cancer case, 18 deaths (8%) occurred, but none were cancer related. There were no interim diagnoses of lung or extrapulmonary cancers. None of the pulmonary nodules detected in 48 participants at baseline were diagnosed as cancer by study end. The heterogeneity of emphysema across the entire lung as measured by CT densitometry was significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects with lung cancer compared with the heterogeneity of emphysema in those without HIV (p ≤ 0.01). On multivariate regression analysis, increased age, higher smoking pack-years, low CD4 nadir, and increased heterogeneity of emphysema on quantitative CT imaging were all significantly associated with lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS:: Despite a high rate of active smoking among HIV-infected participants, only one lung cancer was detected in 678 patient-years. This was probably because of the young age of participants suggesting that CT screening of high-risk populations should strongly consider advanced age as a critical inclusion criterion. Future screening trials in urban American must also incorporate robust measures to ensure HIV patient compliance, adherence, and smoking cessation.
AB - BACKGROUND:: Epidemiological evidence suggests that HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk of lung cancer, but no data exist because large computed tomography (CT) screening trials routinely exclude HIV-infected participants. METHODS:: From 2006 to 2013, we conducted the world's first lung cancer screening trial of 224 HIV-infected current/former smokers to assess the CT detection rates of lung cancer. We also used 130 HIV-infected patients with known lung cancer to determine radiographic markers of lung cancer risk using multivariate analysis. RESULTS:: Median age was 48 years with 34 pack-years smoked. During 678 person-years, one lung cancer was found on incident screening. Besides this lung cancer case, 18 deaths (8%) occurred, but none were cancer related. There were no interim diagnoses of lung or extrapulmonary cancers. None of the pulmonary nodules detected in 48 participants at baseline were diagnosed as cancer by study end. The heterogeneity of emphysema across the entire lung as measured by CT densitometry was significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects with lung cancer compared with the heterogeneity of emphysema in those without HIV (p ≤ 0.01). On multivariate regression analysis, increased age, higher smoking pack-years, low CD4 nadir, and increased heterogeneity of emphysema on quantitative CT imaging were all significantly associated with lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS:: Despite a high rate of active smoking among HIV-infected participants, only one lung cancer was detected in 678 patient-years. This was probably because of the young age of participants suggesting that CT screening of high-risk populations should strongly consider advanced age as a critical inclusion criterion. Future screening trials in urban American must also incorporate robust measures to ensure HIV patient compliance, adherence, and smoking cessation.
KW - Computed tomography screening
KW - HIV
KW - High-risk populations
KW - Lung cancer
KW - Lung cancer screening
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U2 - 10.1097/JTO.0000000000000161
DO - 10.1097/JTO.0000000000000161
M3 - Article
C2 - 24828660
AN - SCOPUS:84901415752
SN - 1556-0864
VL - 9
SP - 752
EP - 759
JO - Journal of Thoracic Oncology
JF - Journal of Thoracic Oncology
IS - 6
ER -