TY - JOUR
T1 - Projecting Long-term Health and Economic Burden of COPD in the United States
AU - Zafari, Zafar
AU - Li, Shukai
AU - Eakin, Michelle N.
AU - Bellanger, Martine
AU - Reed, Robert M.
N1 - Funding Information:
FUNDING/SUPPORT: This study was funded by the American Lung Association and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research at the University of Maryland .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 American College of Chest Physicians
PY - 2021/4
Y1 - 2021/4
N2 - Background: In the United States, COPD is a leading cause of mortality, with a substantial societal health and economic burden. With anticipated population growth, it is important for various stakeholders to have an estimate for the projected burden of disease. Research Question: The goal of this study was to model the 20-year health and economic burden of COPD, from 2019 to 2038, in the United States. Study Design and Methods: Using country-specific data from published literature and publicly available datasets, a dynamic open cohort Markov model was developed in a probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation. Population growth was modeled across different subgroups of age, sex, and smoking. The COPD prevalence rates were calibrated for different subgroups, and distributions of severity grades were modeled based on smoking status. Direct costs, indirect absenteeism costs, losses of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and number of exacerbations and deaths associated with COPD were projected. Results: The 20-year discounted direct medical costs attributable to COPD were estimated to be $800.90 billion (95% credible interval [CrI], 565.29 billion-1,081.29 billion), with an expected $337.13 billion in male subjects and $463.77 billion in female subjects. The 20-year discounted indirect absenteeism costs were projected to be $101.30 billion (70.82 billion-137.41 billion). The 20-year losses of QALYs, number of exacerbations, and number of deaths associated with COPD were 45.38 million (8.63 million-112.07 million), 315.08 million (228.59 million-425.33 million), and 9.42 million (8.93 million-9.93 million), respectively. The proportion of disease burden attributable to continued smoking was 34% in direct medical costs, 35% in indirect absenteeism costs, and 37% in losses of QALYs over 20 years. Interpretation: This study projects the substantial burden of COPD that the American society is expected to incur with current patterns for treatments and smoking rates. Mitigating such burden requires targeted budget appropriations and cost-effective interventions.
AB - Background: In the United States, COPD is a leading cause of mortality, with a substantial societal health and economic burden. With anticipated population growth, it is important for various stakeholders to have an estimate for the projected burden of disease. Research Question: The goal of this study was to model the 20-year health and economic burden of COPD, from 2019 to 2038, in the United States. Study Design and Methods: Using country-specific data from published literature and publicly available datasets, a dynamic open cohort Markov model was developed in a probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation. Population growth was modeled across different subgroups of age, sex, and smoking. The COPD prevalence rates were calibrated for different subgroups, and distributions of severity grades were modeled based on smoking status. Direct costs, indirect absenteeism costs, losses of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and number of exacerbations and deaths associated with COPD were projected. Results: The 20-year discounted direct medical costs attributable to COPD were estimated to be $800.90 billion (95% credible interval [CrI], 565.29 billion-1,081.29 billion), with an expected $337.13 billion in male subjects and $463.77 billion in female subjects. The 20-year discounted indirect absenteeism costs were projected to be $101.30 billion (70.82 billion-137.41 billion). The 20-year losses of QALYs, number of exacerbations, and number of deaths associated with COPD were 45.38 million (8.63 million-112.07 million), 315.08 million (228.59 million-425.33 million), and 9.42 million (8.93 million-9.93 million), respectively. The proportion of disease burden attributable to continued smoking was 34% in direct medical costs, 35% in indirect absenteeism costs, and 37% in losses of QALYs over 20 years. Interpretation: This study projects the substantial burden of COPD that the American society is expected to incur with current patterns for treatments and smoking rates. Mitigating such burden requires targeted budget appropriations and cost-effective interventions.
KW - COPD
KW - Monte Carlo simulation
KW - economic burden projection
KW - health burden projection
KW - stochastic dynamic Markov model
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U2 - 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.255
DO - 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.255
M3 - Article
C2 - 33011203
AN - SCOPUS:85103124949
SN - 0012-3692
VL - 159
SP - 1400
EP - 1410
JO - CHEST
JF - CHEST
IS - 4
ER -