TY - JOUR
T1 - Progress of Trachoma Mapping in Mainland Tanzania
T2 - Results of Baseline Surveys from 2012 to 2014
AU - for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project
AU - Mwingira, Upendo J.
AU - Kabona, George
AU - Kamugisha, Mathias
AU - Kirumbi, Edward
AU - Kilembe, Bernard
AU - Simon, Alistidia
AU - Nshala, Andreas
AU - Damas, Deogratias
AU - Nanai, Alphonsina
AU - Malecela, Mwelecele
AU - Chikawe, Maria
AU - Mbise, Christina
AU - Mkocha, Harran
AU - Massae, Patrick
AU - Mkali, Humphrey R.
AU - Rotondo, Lisa
AU - Crowley, Kathryn
AU - Willis, Rebecca
AU - Solomon, Anthony W.
AU - Ngondi, Jeremiah M.
AU - Aboe, Agatha
AU - Adamu, Liknaw
AU - Alemayehu, Wondu
AU - Alemu, Menbere
AU - Alexander, Neal D.E.
AU - Bero, Berhanu
AU - Brooker, Simon J.
AU - Bush, Simon
AU - Chu, Brian K.
AU - Courtright, Paul
AU - Dejene, Michael
AU - Emerson, Paul M.
AU - Flueckiger, Rebecca M.
AU - Foster, Allen
AU - Gadisa, Solomon
AU - Gass, Katherine
AU - Gebre, Teshome
AU - Habtamu, Zelalem
AU - Haddad, Danny
AU - Harvey, Erik
AU - Haslam, Dominic
AU - Kalua, Khumbo
AU - Kello, Amir B.
AU - King, Jonathan D.
AU - Mesurier, Richard L.
AU - Lewallen, Susan
AU - Lietman, Thomas M.
AU - MacArthur, Chad
AU - Muñoz, Beatriz
AU - West, Sheila K.
N1 - Funding Information:
The survey field work was made possible through support provided to RTI International via the ENVISION Project [Cooperative Agreement no. AID-OAA-A-11-00048] by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The 2012 surveys were also funded by Sightsavers, Hellen Keller International (HKI) and World Health Organization (WHO). Core support to the GTMP was provided by a grant from the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) (ARIES: 203145) to Sightsavers, which led a consortium of non-governmental organizations and academic institutions to complete baseline trachoma mapping worldwide. A committee established in March 2012 to examine issues surrounding completion of global trachoma mapping was initially supported by a grant from Pfizer to the International Trachoma Initiative. AWS was a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Clinical Fellow (098521) at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. The funders of this study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or the writing of the report.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 The Authors. Published with license by Taylor & Francis.
PY - 2016/11/1
Y1 - 2016/11/1
N2 - Purpose: Following surveys in 2004–2006 in 50 high-risk districts of mainland Tanzania, trachoma was still suspected to be widespread elsewhere. We report on baseline surveys undertaken from 2012 to 2014. Methods: A total of 31 districts were surveyed. In 2012 and 2013, 12 at-risk districts were selected based on proximity to known trachoma endemic districts, while in 2014, trachoma rapid assessments were undertaken, and 19 of 55 districts prioritized for baseline surveys. A multi-stage cluster random sampling methodology was applied whereby 20 villages (clusters) and 36 households per cluster were surveyed. Eligible participants, children aged 1–9 years and people aged 15 years and older, were examined for trachoma using the World Health Organization simplified grading system. Results: A total of 23,171 households were surveyed and 104,959 participants (92.3% of those enumerated) examined for trachoma signs. A total of 44,511 children aged 1–9 years and 65,255 people aged 15 years and older were examined for trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) and trichiasis, respectively. Prevalence of TF varied by district, ranging from 0.0% (95% confidence interval, CI 0.0–0.1%) in Mbinga to 11.8% (95% CI 6.8–16.5%) in Chunya. Trichiasis prevalence was lowest in Urambo (0.03%, 95% CI 0.00–0.24%) and highest in Kibaha (1.08%, 95% CI 0.74–1.43%). Conclusion: Only three districts qualified for mass drug administration with azithromycin. Trichiasis is still a public health problem in many districts, thus community-based trichiasis surgery should be considered to prevent blindness due to trachoma. These findings will facilitate achievement of trachoma elimination objectives.
AB - Purpose: Following surveys in 2004–2006 in 50 high-risk districts of mainland Tanzania, trachoma was still suspected to be widespread elsewhere. We report on baseline surveys undertaken from 2012 to 2014. Methods: A total of 31 districts were surveyed. In 2012 and 2013, 12 at-risk districts were selected based on proximity to known trachoma endemic districts, while in 2014, trachoma rapid assessments were undertaken, and 19 of 55 districts prioritized for baseline surveys. A multi-stage cluster random sampling methodology was applied whereby 20 villages (clusters) and 36 households per cluster were surveyed. Eligible participants, children aged 1–9 years and people aged 15 years and older, were examined for trachoma using the World Health Organization simplified grading system. Results: A total of 23,171 households were surveyed and 104,959 participants (92.3% of those enumerated) examined for trachoma signs. A total of 44,511 children aged 1–9 years and 65,255 people aged 15 years and older were examined for trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) and trichiasis, respectively. Prevalence of TF varied by district, ranging from 0.0% (95% confidence interval, CI 0.0–0.1%) in Mbinga to 11.8% (95% CI 6.8–16.5%) in Chunya. Trichiasis prevalence was lowest in Urambo (0.03%, 95% CI 0.00–0.24%) and highest in Kibaha (1.08%, 95% CI 0.74–1.43%). Conclusion: Only three districts qualified for mass drug administration with azithromycin. Trichiasis is still a public health problem in many districts, thus community-based trichiasis surgery should be considered to prevent blindness due to trachoma. These findings will facilitate achievement of trachoma elimination objectives.
KW - Baseline survey
KW - GTMP
KW - SAFE strategy
KW - Tanzania
KW - trachoma
KW - trichiasis
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U2 - 10.1080/09286586.2016.1236974
DO - 10.1080/09286586.2016.1236974
M3 - Article
C2 - 27775455
AN - SCOPUS:84992176639
SN - 0928-6586
VL - 23
SP - 373
EP - 380
JO - Ophthalmic Epidemiology
JF - Ophthalmic Epidemiology
IS - 6
ER -