Prevention, diagnosis, and management of venous thromboembolism in the critically ill surgical and trauma patient

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which encompasses deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is common among trauma patients and critically ill surgical patients admitted to the ICU. Critical care surgical patients are at an extremely high risk for VTE and the related morbidity and mortality associated with it. The present review aims to provide an overview of the importance of identifying risk factors, prescribing effective prohylaxis, accurate diagnosis, and timely appropriate treatment for trauma and critically ill surgical patients with VTE in the ICU. RECENT FINDINGS: VTE is a healthcare burden among critically ill surgical patients that is mostly preventable through adherence to prophylactic protocols that aim to recognize VTE risk factors while simultaneously providing guidance to appropriate timing and administration prophylaxis regimens. Newer pharmacologic therapies for prophylaxis and treatment, diagnostic modalities, and indications for therapy of VTE have continued to evolve. SUMMARY: Critical care surgical and trauma patients represent a population that are at a heightened risk for VTE and associated complications. Appropriate screening, prevention strategies, accurate diagnosis, and timely administration of appropriate treatment must be utilized to reduce morbidity and mortality.