Preliminary observations on skeletal muscle adaptation and plasticity in homer 2^-/- mice

Homer represents a diversified family of scaffold and transduction proteins made up of several isoforms. Here, we present preliminary observations on skeletal muscle adaptation and plasticity in a transgenic model of Homer 2^-/- mouse using a multifaceted approach entailing morphometry, quantitative RT-PCR, confocal immunofluorescence, and electrophysiology. Morphometry shows that Soleus muscle (SOL), at variance with Extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and Flexor digitorum brevis muscle (FDB), displays sizable reduction of fibre cross-sectional area compared to the WT counterparts. In SOL of Homer 2^-/- mice, quantitative RT-PCR indicated the upregulation of Atrogin-1 and Muscle ring finger protein 1 (MuRF1) genes, and confocal immunofluores-cence showed the decrease of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) Homer content. Electrophysiological measurements of isolated FDB fibres from Homer 2^-/- mice detected the exclusive presence of the adult ε-nAChR isoform excluding denervation. As for NMJ morphology, data were not conclusive, and further work is needed to ascertain whether the null Homer 2 phenotype induces any endplate remodelling. Within the context of adaptation and plasticity, the present data show that Homer 2 is a co-regulator of the normotrophic status in a muscle specific fashion.