TY - JOUR
T1 - Physiological functions of the imprinted Gnas locus and its protein variants Gαs and XLαs in human and mouse
AU - Plagge, Antonius
AU - Kelsey, Gavin
AU - Germain-Lee, Emily I.
PY - 2008/2
Y1 - 2008/2
N2 - The stimulatory α-subunit of trimeric G-proteins Gα s, which upon ligand binding to seven-transmembrane receptors activates adenylyl cyclases to produce the second messenger cAMP, constitutes one of the archetypal signal transduction molecules that have been studied in much detail. Over the past few years, however, genetic as well as biochemical approaches have led to a range of novel insights into the Gαs, encoding guanine nucleotide binding protein, α-stimulating (Gnas) locus, its alternative protein products and its regulation by genomic imprinting, which leads to monoallelic, parental origin-dependent expression of the various transcripts. Here, we summarise the major characteristics of this complex gene locus and describe the physiological roles of Gus and its 'extra large' variant XLαs at post-natal and adult stages as defined by genetic mutations. Opposite and potentially antagonistic functions of the two proteins in the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism have been identified in Gnas-and Gnasxl (XLαs) -deficient mice, which are characterised by obesity and leanness respectively. A comparison of findings in mice with symptoms of the corresponding human genetic disease 'Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy'/'pseudohypo-parathyroidism' indicates highly conserved functions as well as unresolved phenotypic differences.
AB - The stimulatory α-subunit of trimeric G-proteins Gα s, which upon ligand binding to seven-transmembrane receptors activates adenylyl cyclases to produce the second messenger cAMP, constitutes one of the archetypal signal transduction molecules that have been studied in much detail. Over the past few years, however, genetic as well as biochemical approaches have led to a range of novel insights into the Gαs, encoding guanine nucleotide binding protein, α-stimulating (Gnas) locus, its alternative protein products and its regulation by genomic imprinting, which leads to monoallelic, parental origin-dependent expression of the various transcripts. Here, we summarise the major characteristics of this complex gene locus and describe the physiological roles of Gus and its 'extra large' variant XLαs at post-natal and adult stages as defined by genetic mutations. Opposite and potentially antagonistic functions of the two proteins in the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism have been identified in Gnas-and Gnasxl (XLαs) -deficient mice, which are characterised by obesity and leanness respectively. A comparison of findings in mice with symptoms of the corresponding human genetic disease 'Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy'/'pseudohypo-parathyroidism' indicates highly conserved functions as well as unresolved phenotypic differences.
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U2 - 10.1677/JOE-07-0544
DO - 10.1677/JOE-07-0544
M3 - Review article
C2 - 18252944
AN - SCOPUS:39749100503
SN - 0022-0795
VL - 196
SP - 193
EP - 214
JO - Journal of Endocrinology
JF - Journal of Endocrinology
IS - 2
ER -