Pathogenesis of anemia during human immunodeficiency virus infection

Skeletal health is maintained by the delicate balance between the continuous process of bone resorption and bone formation, which are mediated by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. The develpment of these cells in the bone marrow requires the orderly progression of precursor cells through multiple stages, each of which is reulated by a multitude of systemic and local factors. Recent studies in this area have clarified the mechanisms involved in bone cell development and activity and provided insight into the pathogenesis of bone disorders. Renal osteodystrophy results from alterations in bone remodeling, which likely results from abnormalities involving different regulators of this process as a result of the uremic environment. Further understanding of the complex disturbances that contribute to renal bone disease may lead to the development of specific therapies for this common complication of chronic renal insufficiency.