TY - JOUR
T1 - Osteopontin enhances HIV replication and is increased in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected individuals
AU - Brown, Amanda
AU - Islam, Tanzeem
AU - Adams, Robert
AU - Nerle, Sujata
AU - Kamara, Masiray
AU - Eger, Caitlin
AU - Marder, Karen
AU - Cohen, Bruce
AU - Schifitto, Giovanni
AU - McArthur, Justin C.
AU - Sacktor, Ned
AU - Pardo, Carlos A.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the Margaret Q. Landenberger Foundation, the Campbell Foundation, and the Cooke Family Foundation for funding this work. We also thank Hao Zhang from the Flow Cytometry Core at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Amy Kosel, Liping Guo, Peter Dziedzic, and Jason Creighton for technical assistance. The NEAD cohort was supported through NS44807 (JCM) and the data analysis and statistical review was supported through 1P30MH075673 (JCM). We thank The National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium supported through N01MH32002 for providing the brain tissue samples.
PY - 2011/8
Y1 - 2011/8
N2 - Despite effective and widely available suppressive anti-HIV therapy, the prevalence of mild neurocognitive dysfunction continues to increase. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a multifactorial disease with sustained central nervous system inflammation and immune activation as prominent features. Inflammatory macrophages, HIV-infected and uninfected, play a central role in the development of HIV dementia. There is a critical need to identify biomarkers and to better understand the molecular mechanisms leading to cognitive dysfunction in HAND. In this regard, we identified through a subtractive hybridization strategy osteopontin (OPN, SPP1, gene) an inflammatory marker, as an upregulated gene in HIV-infected primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. Knockdown of OPN in primary macrophages resulted in a threefold decrease in HIV-1 replication. Ectopic expression of OPN in the TZM-bl cell line significantly enhanced HIV infectivity and replication. A significant increase in the degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα and an increase in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of NF-κB were found in HIV-infected cells expressing OPN compared to controls. Moreover, mutation of the NF-κB binding domain in the HIV-LTR abrogated enhanced promoter activity stimulated by OPN. Interestingly, compared to cerebrospinal fluid from normal and multiple sclerosis controls, OPN levels were significantly higher in HIV-infected individuals both with and without neurocognitive disorder. OPN levels were highest in HIV-infected individuals with moderate to severe cognitive impairment. Moreover, OPN was significantly elevated in brain tissue from HIV-infected individuals with cognitive disorder versus those without impairment. Collectively, these data suggest that OPN stimulates HIV-1 replication and that high levels of OPN are present in the CNS compartment of HIV-infected individuals, reflecting ongoing inflammatory processes at this site despite anti-HIV therapy.
AB - Despite effective and widely available suppressive anti-HIV therapy, the prevalence of mild neurocognitive dysfunction continues to increase. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a multifactorial disease with sustained central nervous system inflammation and immune activation as prominent features. Inflammatory macrophages, HIV-infected and uninfected, play a central role in the development of HIV dementia. There is a critical need to identify biomarkers and to better understand the molecular mechanisms leading to cognitive dysfunction in HAND. In this regard, we identified through a subtractive hybridization strategy osteopontin (OPN, SPP1, gene) an inflammatory marker, as an upregulated gene in HIV-infected primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. Knockdown of OPN in primary macrophages resulted in a threefold decrease in HIV-1 replication. Ectopic expression of OPN in the TZM-bl cell line significantly enhanced HIV infectivity and replication. A significant increase in the degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα and an increase in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of NF-κB were found in HIV-infected cells expressing OPN compared to controls. Moreover, mutation of the NF-κB binding domain in the HIV-LTR abrogated enhanced promoter activity stimulated by OPN. Interestingly, compared to cerebrospinal fluid from normal and multiple sclerosis controls, OPN levels were significantly higher in HIV-infected individuals both with and without neurocognitive disorder. OPN levels were highest in HIV-infected individuals with moderate to severe cognitive impairment. Moreover, OPN was significantly elevated in brain tissue from HIV-infected individuals with cognitive disorder versus those without impairment. Collectively, these data suggest that OPN stimulates HIV-1 replication and that high levels of OPN are present in the CNS compartment of HIV-infected individuals, reflecting ongoing inflammatory processes at this site despite anti-HIV therapy.
KW - CD44
KW - HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
KW - Nef
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U2 - 10.1007/s13365-011-0035-4
DO - 10.1007/s13365-011-0035-4
M3 - Article
C2 - 21556958
AN - SCOPUS:80054757879
SN - 1355-0284
VL - 17
SP - 382
EP - 392
JO - Journal of neurovirology
JF - Journal of neurovirology
IS - 4
ER -