Abstract
Objectives: Our goal was to optimize infection control of paired environmental control interventions within hospitals to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Background: The most widely used infection control interventions are deployment of handwashing (HW) stations, control of relative humidity (RH), and negative pressure (NP) treatment rooms. Direct costs of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections are typically not included in the design of such interventions. Methods: We examined the effectiveness of pairing HW with RH and HW with NP. We used the following three data sets: A meta-analysis of progression rates from uncolonized to colonized to infected, 6 years of MDRO treatment costs from 400 hospitals, and 8 years of MDRO incidence rates at nine army hospitals. We used these data as inputs into an Infection De-Escalation Model with varying budgets to obtain optimal intervention designs. We then computed the infection and prevention rates and cost savings resulting from these designs. Results: The average direct cost of an MDRO infection was $3,289, $1,535, and $1,067 for MRSA, CRE, and VRE. The mean annual incidence rates per facility were 0.39%, 0.034%, and 0.011% for MRSA, CRE, and VRE. After applying the cost-minimizing intervention pair to each scenario, the percentage reductions in infections (and annual direct cost savings) in large, community, and small acute care hospitals were 69% ($1.5 million), 73% ($631K), 60% ($118K) for MRSA, 52% ($460.5K), 58% ($203K), 50% ($37K) for CRE, and 0%, 0%, and 50% ($12.8K) for VRE. Conclusion: The application of this Infection De-Escalation Model can guide cost-effective decision making in hospital built environment design to improve control of MDRO infections.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 109-129 |
Number of pages | 21 |
Journal | Health Environments Research and Design Journal |
Volume | 14 |
Issue number | 2 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Apr 2021 |
Keywords
- CRE
- MRSA
- VRE
- admissions
- built environment
- cleaning
- colonized
- cost savings
- direct cost
- handwashing
- healthcare-associated infection
- hospital
- infection control
- multidrug-resistant organism
- patient safety
- quality improvement
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
- Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine