@article{81cf01b7a5194618af4f29fdc63fec5c,
title = "Opposite dynamics of GABA and glutamate levels in the occipital cortex during visual processing",
abstract = "Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures the two most common inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, GABA and glutamate, in the human brain. However, the role of MRS-derived GABA and glutamate signals in relation to system-level neural signaling and behavior is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated levels of GABA and glutamate in the visual cortex of healthy human participants (both genders) in three functional states with increasing visual input. Compared with a baseline state of eyes closed, GABA levels decreased after opening the eyes in darkness and Glx levels remained stable during eyes open but increased with visual stimulation. In relevant states, GABA and Glx correlated with amplitude of fMRI signal fluctuations. Furthermore, visual discriminatory performance correlated with the level of GABA, but not Glx. Our study suggests that differences in brain states can be detected through the contrasting dynamics of GABA and Glx, which has implications in interpreting MRS measurements.",
keywords = "GABA, Glutamate, Rs-fMRI, Visual discriminatory performance, Visual system, fMRS",
author = "Katarzyna Kurcyus and Efsun Annac and Hanning, {Nina M.} and Harris, {Ashley D.} and Georg Oeltzschner and Richard Edden and Valentin Riedl",
note = "Funding Information: V.R. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant ID 273427765. R.E. was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants P41EB015909, R01EB016089, R01EB023963, R01MH106564, and R21MH098228. G.O. received salary support from National Institutes of Health Grants R01EB016089, R01EB023963, R01MH106564, and R21MH098228. The behavioral experiments were conducted at the Department of General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich. We thank Prof. Dr. Thomas Geyer and Prof. Dr. Heiner Deubel for providing equipment; and Dr. Ulrich Pilatus for providing valuable advice and constructive feedback. Funding Information: V.R. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant ID 273427765. R.E. was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants P41EB015909, R01EB016089, R01EB023963, R01MH106564, and R21MH098228. G.O. receivedsalarysupportfromNationalInstitutesofHealthGrantsR01EB016089,R01EB023963,R01MH106564,and R21MH098228. The behavioral experiments were conducted at the Department of General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich. We thank Prof. Dr. Thomas Geyer and Prof. Dr. Heiner Deubel for providing equipment; and Dr. Ulrich Pilatus for providing valuable advice and constructive feedback. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 the authors.",
year = "2018",
month = nov,
day = "14",
doi = "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1214-18.2018",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "38",
pages = "9967--9976",
journal = "Journal of Neuroscience",
issn = "0270-6474",
publisher = "Society for Neuroscience",
number = "46",
}