TY - JOUR
T1 - Operational strategies to achieve and maintain malaria elimination
AU - Moonen, Bruno
AU - Cohen, Justin M.
AU - Snow, Robert W.
AU - Slutsker, Laurence
AU - Drakeley, Chris
AU - Smith, David L.
AU - Abeyasinghe, Rabindra R.
AU - Rodriguez, Mario Henry
AU - Maharaj, Rajendra
AU - Tanner, Marcel
AU - Targett, Geoffrey
N1 - Funding Information:
BM and JMC acknowledge support from the Global Health Group of the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, which is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and ExxonMobil. DLS, BM, JMC, and GT acknowledge support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. DLS also acknowledges funding from the RAPIDD program of the Science and Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, and the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health. RWS is a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow ( #079080 ) and acknowledges the support of the Kenyan Medical Research Institute (KEMRI). CD is supported by the Wellcome Trust ( #078925 ). We thank Majed Al-Zjedali, Kee Tai Goh, Allison Tatarsky, and Peter Chiodini for providing updated information used in the table ; Chris Cotter and Allison Phillips who assisted in the literature review; Bernard Nahlen, G Dennis Shanks, and the Malaria Elimination Group for extensive comments on the report; and Kevin Baird for insights into P vivax treatment and John Silver for insights into vector behaviour.
Funding Information:
BM and JMC work within the malaria programme at the Clinton Health Access Initiative, which is supporting malaria elimination in southern Africa in collaboration with Global Health Group of the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. RA, MHR, and RM play leading roles in the elimination programmes of Sri Lanka, Mexico, and South Africa, respectively. MT, LS, and MHR are members of the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda project (MalERA) steering committee, of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. MT is a scientific advisor to the Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases board and is a board member of the UBS Optimus Foundation. BM, RWS, LS, DLS, RRA, MHR, RA, RM, MT, and GT serve as members of the Malaria Elimination Group . RWS has received funding from Novartis for chairing meetings of national control programmes in Africa and has received a research grant from Pfizer. CD declares that he has no conflicts of interest. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their employing organisations nor of the sources of funding.
PY - 2010/11/6
Y1 - 2010/11/6
N2 - Present elimination strategies are based on recommendations derived during the Global Malaria Eradication Program of the 1960s. However, many countries considering elimination nowadays have high intrinsic transmission potential and, without the support of a regional campaign, have to deal with the constant threat of imported cases of the disease, emphasising the need to revisit the strategies on which contemporary elimination programmes are based. To eliminate malaria, programmes need to concentrate on identification and elimination of foci of infections through both passive and active methods of case detection. This approach needs appropriate treatment of both clinical cases and asymptomatic infections, combined with targeted vector control. Draining of infectious pools entirely will not be sufficient since they could be replenished by imported malaria. Elimination will thus additionally need identification and treatment of incoming infections before they lead to transmission, or, more realistically, embarking on regional initiatives to dry up importation at its source.
AB - Present elimination strategies are based on recommendations derived during the Global Malaria Eradication Program of the 1960s. However, many countries considering elimination nowadays have high intrinsic transmission potential and, without the support of a regional campaign, have to deal with the constant threat of imported cases of the disease, emphasising the need to revisit the strategies on which contemporary elimination programmes are based. To eliminate malaria, programmes need to concentrate on identification and elimination of foci of infections through both passive and active methods of case detection. This approach needs appropriate treatment of both clinical cases and asymptomatic infections, combined with targeted vector control. Draining of infectious pools entirely will not be sufficient since they could be replenished by imported malaria. Elimination will thus additionally need identification and treatment of incoming infections before they lead to transmission, or, more realistically, embarking on regional initiatives to dry up importation at its source.
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U2 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61269-X
DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61269-X
M3 - Review article
C2 - 21035841
AN - SCOPUS:78149360971
SN - 0140-6736
VL - 376
SP - 1592
EP - 1603
JO - The Lancet
JF - The Lancet
IS - 9752
ER -