TY - JOUR
T1 - Nutrient intake by duration of ex-smoking in the Scottish Heart Health Study
AU - Bolton-Smith, Caroline
AU - Woodward, Mark
AU - Brown, Colin A.
AU - Tunstall-Pedoe, Hugh
N1 - Funding Information:
M. W. is an Honorary Research Fellow. C. B.-S. is grateful for funding from the British Heart Foundation, and the Scottish Office: Home and Health Department funded the SHHS. Thanks go to Miss Mary Wilson for secretarial assistance. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone.
PY - 1993/3
Y1 - 1993/3
N2 - Information on current-, never- and ex-smokers (including duration of cessation) was obtained in a cross-sectional survey of risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), the Scottish Heart Health Study. Diet was also assessed by food frequency questionnaire in a total of 4265 men and 4770 women. Nutrient intakes were computed by sex and smoking group and, according to their diet, the ex-smokers were categorized as current- or never-smokers using discriminant analysis techniques. The current- and five ex-smoking groups differed negligibly in past smoking characteristics. Energy-adjusted intake of polyunsaturated fat, fibre and the antioxidant vitamins were lowest in current-smokers, and for men, intakes increased progressively with duration of ex-smoking to reach the level of never-smokers. In a similar manner, energy, sugar and alcohol decreased with duration of ex-smoking. Fewer trends were observable for women, and the diets of ex-smokers more immediately resembled that of never-smokers. Discriminant analysis for the combined nutrients correctly categorized 72 and 69 % of male, and 66 and 65 % of female current- and never-smokers respectively. By 4 years of smoking cessation the general dietary pattern of ex-smokers was similar to never-smokers for both sexes. Whether this represents a change in diet over time or a cohort effect is unclear, but the results do suggest that the apparent healthier diet of ex-smokers may contribute to their reduction in CHD risk compared with lifelong current-smokers.
AB - Information on current-, never- and ex-smokers (including duration of cessation) was obtained in a cross-sectional survey of risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), the Scottish Heart Health Study. Diet was also assessed by food frequency questionnaire in a total of 4265 men and 4770 women. Nutrient intakes were computed by sex and smoking group and, according to their diet, the ex-smokers were categorized as current- or never-smokers using discriminant analysis techniques. The current- and five ex-smoking groups differed negligibly in past smoking characteristics. Energy-adjusted intake of polyunsaturated fat, fibre and the antioxidant vitamins were lowest in current-smokers, and for men, intakes increased progressively with duration of ex-smoking to reach the level of never-smokers. In a similar manner, energy, sugar and alcohol decreased with duration of ex-smoking. Fewer trends were observable for women, and the diets of ex-smokers more immediately resembled that of never-smokers. Discriminant analysis for the combined nutrients correctly categorized 72 and 69 % of male, and 66 and 65 % of female current- and never-smokers respectively. By 4 years of smoking cessation the general dietary pattern of ex-smokers was similar to never-smokers for both sexes. Whether this represents a change in diet over time or a cohort effect is unclear, but the results do suggest that the apparent healthier diet of ex-smokers may contribute to their reduction in CHD risk compared with lifelong current-smokers.
KW - Antioxidant vitamins
KW - CHD risk
KW - Discriminant analysis
KW - Ex-smokers
KW - Nutrient intake
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U2 - 10.1079/BJN19930036
DO - 10.1079/BJN19930036
M3 - Article
C2 - 8489991
AN - SCOPUS:0027468236
VL - 69
SP - 315
EP - 332
JO - British Journal of Nutrition
JF - British Journal of Nutrition
SN - 0007-1145
IS - 2
ER -