Non-Invasive Estimation of Hemoglobin Using a Multi-Model Stacking Regressor

Soumyadipta Acharya, Dhivya Swaminathan, Sreetama Das, Krity Kansara, Sushovan Chakraborty, Dinesh Kumar R, Tony Francis, Kiran R. Aatre

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

3 Scopus citations

Abstract

Objective: We describe a novel machine-learning based method to estimate total Hemoglobin (Hb) using photoplethysmograms (PPGs) acquired non-invasively. Methods: In a study conducted in Karnataka, India, 1583 women (pregnant and non-pregnant) of childbearing age, with Hb values ranging between 1.6 to 14.8 g/dL, had their Hb values estimated using intravenous blood samples and concurrently by a finger sensor custom designed and prototyped for this study. The finger sensor collected PPG signals at four wavelengths: 590 nm, 660 nm, 810 nm, and 940 nm. A novel feature vector was derived from these PPGs. A machine learning model comprising of a two-layer stack of regressors including Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Ridge, Elastic Net, Adaptive (Ada) Boost and Support Vector Regressors (SVR) was designed and tested. Results: We report a statistically significant Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) of 0.81 (p < 0.01) between the Hb value estimated by the proposed methodology and gold standard values of Hb, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.353 ± 0.042 g/dL. The performance of the stacked regressor model was significantly better than the performance of individual regressors (low RMSE, and better CC; p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis showed that including pregnant women in the training data set significantly improved the performance of the algorithm. Conclusion: This article demonstrates the feasibility of a machine learning based non-invasive hemoglobin measurement system, especially for maternal anemia detection. Significance: By developing and demonstrating a machine learning approach on a large data set, we have demonstrated that such an approach could become the basis for a public health screening tool to detect and treat maternal anemia and could supplement global health intervention strategies.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number8907371
Pages (from-to)1717-1726
Number of pages10
JournalIEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
Volume24
Issue number6
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 2020

Keywords

  • Anemia
  • Beer-Lambert's law
  • machine learning
  • non-invasive hemoglobin
  • plethysmography
  • stacked regressor

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Computer Science Applications
  • Health Informatics
  • Electrical and Electronic Engineering
  • Health Information Management

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