Neoadjuvant Dose-dense Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Results of a Phase 2 Trial

Fern Anari, John O'Neill, Woonyoung Choi, David Y.T. Chen, Mohammed Haseebuddin, Alexander Kutikov, Essel Dulaimi, R. Katherine Alpaugh, Karthik Devarajan, Richard E. Greenberg, Marijo Bilusic, Yu Ning Wong, Rosalia Viterbo, Jean H. Hoffman-Censits, Costas D. Lallas, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Marc Smaldone, Daniel M. Geynisman, Matthew Zibelman, Jianqing LinW. Kevin Kelly, Robert Uzzo, David McConkey, Elizabeth R. Plimack

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

16 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: Accelerated (also termed dose-dense, DD) chemotherapy regimens such as accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin have shown better efficacy and tolerability in the metastatic setting, and shortened the time to surgery in the neoadjuvant setting compared to standard-schedule regimens. We hypothesized that a DD schedule of gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) would shorten the time to surgery and yield similar pathologic complete response rates (pT0) in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) compared with historical controls with standard GC. Objective: To determine the safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant DDGC in MIBC. Design, setting, and participants: Patients with cT2–4a, N0–1, M0 MIBC were eligible and received three 14-d cycles of DDGC with pegfilgrastim support followed by radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection. The primary end point was the pT0 rate. Molecular subtypes were assigned and correlated with survival. Results and limitations: Thirty-one patients were evaluable for toxicity and response, of whom 58% had baseline clinical stage >T2N0M0; the median age was 69 yr. Ten patients (32%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 16–49%) achieved ypT0N0 status at cystectomy. Another four patients (13%, 95% CI 1–25%) were downstaged to non–muscle-invasive (<pT2N0) disease. Most patients (54.8%) experienced only grade 1–2 treatment-related toxicities. However, seven patients (23%) had clinically significant vascular events, leading to early closure of the study. Thirty patients (94%) underwent cystectomy. The median time from the start of chemotherapy to cystectomy was 9.3 wk. There was no correlation between molecular subtypes and survival. Conclusions: DDGC yielded a similar pT0 rate to that noted retrospectively with standard GC. Vascular events precluded, delayed, or increased the risk of surgery for 23% of patients, resulting in early closure of the study. Additional prospective studies with embedded biomarker correlatives of GC in the neoadjuvant setting are critical to accurately define both the activity and toxicity of this combination in MIBC. Patient summary: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before cystectomy is the standard of care for MIBC. This prospective phase 2 study tested a DD schedule of GC in MIBC. The study was closed early because of a higher than expected rate of vascular events. These data suggest that caution is required in using this regimen, particularly when there is better prospective evidence for the safety and efficacy of alternative regimens such as dose-dense or accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. This clinical trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01611662. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before cystectomy is the standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). This prospective phase 2 study tested a dose-dense schedule of gemcitabine and cisplatin in MIBC. The study was closed early because of a higher than expected rate of vascular events. These data suggest that caution is required in using this regimen, particularly when there is better prospective evidence for the safety and efficacy of alternate regimens such as dose-dense or accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)54-60
Number of pages7
JournalEuropean Urology Oncology
Volume1
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - May 2018

Keywords

  • Biomarkers
  • Bladder cancer
  • Cisplatin
  • Gemcitabine
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
  • Urothelial carcinoma

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Medicine

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