TY - JOUR
T1 - Minimally invasive saliva testing to monitor norovirus infection in community settings
AU - Pisanic, Nora
AU - Ballard, Sarah Blythe
AU - Colquechagua, Fabiola D.
AU - François, Ruthly
AU - Exum, Natalie
AU - Yori, Pablo Peñataro
AU - Schwab, Kellogg J.
AU - Granger, Douglas A.
AU - Detrick, Barbara
AU - Olortegui, Maribel Paredes
AU - Mayta, Holger
AU - Sánchez, Gerardo J.
AU - Gilman, Robert H.
AU - Heaney, Christopher D.
AU - Vinjé, Jan
AU - Kosek, Margaret N.
N1 - Funding Information:
Financialsupport. This work was supported by the Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher Center for Environmental Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Additional funding was obtained from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number 113805); the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; and the National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center through joint support of MAL-ED and the Asprey Foundation in Maryland (to K. S.).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 The Author(s).
PY - 2019/4/8
Y1 - 2019/4/8
N2 - Background. Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Routine norovirus diagnosis requires stool collection. Te goal of this study was to develop and validate a noninvasive method to diagnose norovirus to complement stool diagnostics and to facilitate studies on transmission. Methods. A multiplex immunoassay to measure salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to 5 common norovirus genotypes (GI.1, GII.2, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) was developed. Te assay was validated using acute and convalescent saliva samples collected from Peruvian children <5 years of age with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-diagnosed norovirus infections (n = 175) and controls (n = 32). Te assay sensitivity and specifcity were calculated to determine infection status based on fold rise of salivary norovirus genotype-specifc IgG using norovirus genotype from stool as reference. Results. Te salivary assay detected recent norovirus infections and correctly assigned the infecting genotype. Sensitivity was 71% and specifcity was 96% across the evaluated genotypes compared to PCR-diagnosed norovirus infection. Conclusions. Tis saliva-based assay will be a useful tool to monitor norovirus transmission in high-risk settings such as daycare centers or hospitals. Cross-reactivity is limited between the tested genotypes, which represent the most commonly circulating genotypes.
AB - Background. Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Routine norovirus diagnosis requires stool collection. Te goal of this study was to develop and validate a noninvasive method to diagnose norovirus to complement stool diagnostics and to facilitate studies on transmission. Methods. A multiplex immunoassay to measure salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to 5 common norovirus genotypes (GI.1, GII.2, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) was developed. Te assay was validated using acute and convalescent saliva samples collected from Peruvian children <5 years of age with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-diagnosed norovirus infections (n = 175) and controls (n = 32). Te assay sensitivity and specifcity were calculated to determine infection status based on fold rise of salivary norovirus genotype-specifc IgG using norovirus genotype from stool as reference. Results. Te salivary assay detected recent norovirus infections and correctly assigned the infecting genotype. Sensitivity was 71% and specifcity was 96% across the evaluated genotypes compared to PCR-diagnosed norovirus infection. Conclusions. Tis saliva-based assay will be a useful tool to monitor norovirus transmission in high-risk settings such as daycare centers or hospitals. Cross-reactivity is limited between the tested genotypes, which represent the most commonly circulating genotypes.
KW - MAL-ED
KW - Multiplex immunoassay
KW - Noninvasive diagnostics
KW - Norovirus
KW - Saliva
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U2 - 10.1093/infdis/jiy638
DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiy638
M3 - Article
C2 - 30517651
AN - SCOPUS:85064512479
VL - 219
SP - 1234
EP - 1242
JO - Journal of Infectious Diseases
JF - Journal of Infectious Diseases
SN - 0022-1899
IS - 8
ER -