Miniature ball-tip optical fibers for use in thulium fiber laser ablation of kidney stones

Physics & Astronomy

• kidney stones 83%
• thulium 64%
• laser ablation 50%
• balls 47%
• fiber lasers 45%
• optical fibers 39%
• fibers 29%
• rocks 17%
• ablation 14%
• damage 7%
• insertion 7%
• deflection 6%
• irrigation 5%
• life (durability) 5%
• oxalates 5%
• pulse rate 4%
• holmium 4%
• perforation 4%
• high speed cameras 4%
• linings 4%
• durability 4%
• photographs 3%
• phosphates 3%
• calcium 3%
• cavitation flow 3%
• transmission lines 3%
• YAG lasers 3%
• pulse duration 3%
• flow velocity 2%
• bubbles 2%
• costs 2%
• degradation 2%
• pulses 1%
• wavelengths 1%
• lasers 1%
• energy 1%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Thulium 100%
• Laser ablation 76%
• Fiber lasers 70%
• Optical fibers 54%
• Fibers 35%
• Ablation 18%
• Holmium 7%
• Calcium phosphate 5%
• Neodymium lasers 4%
• Irrigation 4%
• High speed cameras 4%
• Cavitation 4%
• Linings 3%
• Wavelength 3%
• Tissue 3%
• Durability 3%
• Lasers 2%
• Flow rate 2%
• Degradation 2%
• Costs 1%

Chemical Compounds

• Laser Ablation 57%
• Fiber 33%
• Ablation 12%
• Irrigation 3%
• Cavitation 3%
• Flow Kinetics 1%
• Wavelength 1%
• Phosphate 1%
• Energy 1%
• Time 0%
• Surface 0%