TY - JOUR
T1 - Measuring domestic water use
T2 - a systematic review of methodologies that measure unmetered water use in low-income settings
AU - Tamason, Charlotte C.
AU - Bessias, Sophia
AU - Villada, Adriana
AU - Tulsiani, Suhella M.
AU - Ensink, Jeroen H.J.
AU - Gurley, Emily S.
AU - Mackie Jensen, Peter Kjær
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 The Authors. Tropical Medicine & International Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2016/11/1
Y1 - 2016/11/1
N2 - Objective: To present a systematic review of methods for measuring domestic water use in settings where water meters cannot be used. Methods: We systematically searched EMBASE, PubMed, Water Intelligence Online, Water Engineering and Development Center, IEEExplore, Scielo, and Science Direct databases for articles that reported methodologies for measuring water use at the household level where water metering infrastructure was absent or incomplete. A narrative review explored similarities and differences between the included studies and provide recommendations for future research in water use. Results: A total of 21 studies were included in the review. Methods ranged from single-day to 14-consecutive-day visits, and water use recall ranged from 12 h to 7 days. Data were collected using questionnaires, observations or both. Many studies only collected information on water that was carried into the household, and some failed to mention whether water was used outside the home. Water use in the selected studies was found to range from two to 113 l per capita per day. Conclusion: No standardised methods for measuring unmetered water use were found, which brings into question the validity and comparability of studies that have measured unmetered water use. In future studies, it will be essential to define all components that make up water use and determine how they will be measured. A pre-study that involves observations and direct measurements during water collection periods (these will have to be determined through questioning) should be used to determine optimal methods for obtaining water use information in a survey. Day-to-day and seasonal variation should be included. A study that investigates water use recall is warranted to further develop standardised methods to measure water use; in the meantime, water use recall should be limited to 24 h or fewer.
AB - Objective: To present a systematic review of methods for measuring domestic water use in settings where water meters cannot be used. Methods: We systematically searched EMBASE, PubMed, Water Intelligence Online, Water Engineering and Development Center, IEEExplore, Scielo, and Science Direct databases for articles that reported methodologies for measuring water use at the household level where water metering infrastructure was absent or incomplete. A narrative review explored similarities and differences between the included studies and provide recommendations for future research in water use. Results: A total of 21 studies were included in the review. Methods ranged from single-day to 14-consecutive-day visits, and water use recall ranged from 12 h to 7 days. Data were collected using questionnaires, observations or both. Many studies only collected information on water that was carried into the household, and some failed to mention whether water was used outside the home. Water use in the selected studies was found to range from two to 113 l per capita per day. Conclusion: No standardised methods for measuring unmetered water use were found, which brings into question the validity and comparability of studies that have measured unmetered water use. In future studies, it will be essential to define all components that make up water use and determine how they will be measured. A pre-study that involves observations and direct measurements during water collection periods (these will have to be determined through questioning) should be used to determine optimal methods for obtaining water use information in a survey. Day-to-day and seasonal variation should be included. A study that investigates water use recall is warranted to further develop standardised methods to measure water use; in the meantime, water use recall should be limited to 24 h or fewer.
KW - diarrhea
KW - environmental health
KW - hygiene
KW - public health
KW - water
KW - water supply
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U2 - 10.1111/tmi.12769
DO - 10.1111/tmi.12769
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27573762
AN - SCOPUS:84992028265
SN - 1360-2276
VL - 21
SP - 1389
EP - 1402
JO - Tropical Medicine and International Health
JF - Tropical Medicine and International Health
IS - 11
ER -