@article{d08dff478149453283fa0bb56cb6e3c9,
title = "Measuring Adverse Child Experiences Among Young Adolescents Globally: Relationships With Depressive Symptoms and Violence Perpetration",
abstract = "Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop a measure of ACEs applicable for young adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (ACEs) and to analyze the relationships of ACEs against two outcomes: depressive symptoms and violence perpetration. There is a paucity of research on the consequences of adverse child experiences (ACEs) on adolescent health and behavior from low- and middle-income countries and virtually no multinational studies. Methods: As part of the Global Early Adolescent Study, an 11-item measure of ACEs was developed and piloted with 1,284 adolescents aged 10–14 years in 14 urban communities in an equal number of countries. With one exception where interviewers were used, data were self-reported anonymously using tablets. Results compared a summative ACEs index score and latent class analysis. Results: Findings show high rates of ACEs exposure experienced by young adolescents in resource-poor neighborhoods in low- and middle-income countries; disproportionate exposures of boys and strong associations between ACEs and both depressive symptoms and violence perpetration. Latent class analysis provided modest refinement over a summed ACEs score. Conclusion: While interventions tend to focus on behavioral outcomes, evidence suggests that ACEs exposure is a strong antecedent related to both depressive symptoms and violence perpetration.",
keywords = "Adolescents, Adverse childhood experiences, Bullying, Depression, Mental health, Violence",
author = "Blum, {Robert Wm} and Mengmeng Li and Gia Naranjo-Rivera",
note = "Funding Information: The Global Early Adolescent Study is a multinational study that aims to understand the development of gender norms in early adolescence and its impacts on adolescent health across time and geographies. The study operates in conjunction with the World Health Organization and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Funding comes from USAID (grant #121491); the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (grant #119784); the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (grant #128206); the Oak Foundation (Geneva Switzerland; grant #127799); WHO (grant #2018/849100-0); and UNFPA (United States and Ecuador). The authors wish to additionally acknowledge the contributions of Xiayun Zuo, Ph.D. and Ghada Al-Attar, M.P.H. for their contributions to previous drafts and Desmond Runyan for his constructive review of the manuscript. In addition, appreciation is extended to the entire network of the Global Early Adolescent Study for their commitment to the collaboration and for sharing data. Author contributions: While this work has been supported by a consortium of national and international donors, none had any involvement with study design, data collection, analysis, data interpretation, or manuscript review. While all authors made significant contributions to the manuscript, R.W.B. wrote the initial draft and likewise made all final revisions. None of the data presented in this manuscript have been previously published. Funding Information: The Global Early Adolescent Study is a multinational study that aims to understand the development of gender norms in early adolescence and its impacts on adolescent health across time and geographies. The study operates in conjunction with the World Health Organization and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Funding comes from USAID; the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1125119]; the David and Lucile Packard Foundation; the Oak Foundation; WHO; UNICEF; and UNFPA. The authors wish to additionally acknowledge the contributions of Xiayun Zuo, Ph.D. and Ghada Al-Attar, M.P.H. for their contributions to previous drafts and Desmond Runyan for his constructive review of the manuscript. In addition, appreciation is extended to the entire network of the Global Early Adolescent Study for their commitment to the collaboration and for sharing data. Author contributions: While this work has been supported by a consortium of national and international donors, none had any involvement with study design, data collection, analysis, data interpretation, or manuscript review. While all authors made significant contributions to the manuscript, R.W.B. wrote the initial draft and likewise made all final revisions. None of the data presented in this manuscript have been previously published. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine",
year = "2019",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.020",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "65",
pages = "86--93",
journal = "Journal of Adolescent Health",
issn = "1054-139X",
publisher = "Elsevier USA",
number = "1",
}