@article{4be60b8bb7614d0998c4f794877d6596,
title = "Mean dietary salt intake in Nepal: A population survey with 24-hour urine collections",
abstract = "High salt (sodium chloride) intake raises blood pressure and increases the risk of developing hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Little is known about salt intake in Nepal, and no study has estimated salt consumption from 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Participants (n = 451) were recruited from the Community-Based Management of Non-Communicable Diseases in Nepal (COBIN) cohort in 2018. Salt intake was estimated by analyzing 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Multivariate linear regression was used to estimate differences in salt intake. The mean (±SD) age and salt intake were 49.6 (±9.8) years and 13.3 (±4.7) g/person/d, respectively. Higher salt intake was significantly associated with male gender (β for female = −2.4; 95% CI: −3.3, −1.4) and younger age (β10 years = −1.4; 95% CI: −1.4, −0.5) and higher BMI (β = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.2). A significant association was also found between increase in systolic blood pressure and higher salt intake (β = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.7). While 55% reported that they consumed just the right amount of salt, 98% were consuming more than the WHO recommended salt amount (<5 g/person/d). Daily salt intake in this population was over twice the limit recommended by the WHO, suggesting a substantial need to reduce salt intake in this population. It also supports the need of global initiatives such as WHO's Global Hearts Initiative SHAKE technical package and Resolves to Save Lives for sodium reduction in low- and middle-income countries like Nepal.",
keywords = "24-hour urinary sodium excretion, hypertension, nutrition, population studies, salt intake, sodium",
author = "Dinesh Neupane and Anupa Rijal and Henry, {Megan E.} and Per Kallestrup and Bhagawan Koirala and Mclachlan, {Craig S.} and Kamal Ghimire and Di Zhao and Shailendra Sharma and Yashashwi Pokharel and Kristy Joseph and Olsen, {Michael Hecht} and Schutte, {Aletta E.} and Appel, {Lawrence J.}",
note = "Funding Information: The field study was supported by the Public Health Institute (PHI) through financial support from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA; Jayanti Memorial Trust (JMT), Nepal and Nepal Development Society. AES is supported by the South African National Research Foundation (SARChI), and the South African Medical Research Council. DN, MEH, DZ, and LJA receive support from Vital Strategies, which funds the Resolve to Save Lives initiative. Dr Appel received support from the Mid‐Atlantic Obesity Research Center (NORC) under NIH award number P30DK072488. Funding Information: Funding information The field study was supported by the Public Health Institute (PHI) through financial support from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA; Jayanti Memorial Trust (JMT), Nepal and Nepal Development Society. AES is supported by the South African National Research Foundation (SARChI), and the South African Medical Research Council. DN, MEH, DZ, and LJA receive support from Vital Strategies, which funds the Resolve to Save Lives initiative. Dr Appel received support from the Mid-Atlantic Obesity Research Center (NORC) under NIH award number P30DK072488. We thank the FCHVs and the staff and individuals in the communities who participated in the study. Special thanks go to Pabitra Babu Soti, Hari Prasad Pokharel, Abhishek Sapkota, Eknaran Paudel, Sunil Wagle, and Nabaraj Chapagain.?We would like to acknowledge Jacqui Webster and Joseph Alvin Santos of George Institute for Global Health, Australia for providing initial support during the design of the study. The authors are solely responsible for the design and conduct of this study, all analyses, the drafting of the manuscript, and its final content. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",
year = "2020",
month = feb,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/jch.13813",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "22",
pages = "273--279",
journal = "Journal of Clinical Hypertension",
issn = "1524-6175",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",
number = "2",
}