TY - JOUR
T1 - Low intake of vitamin A-rich foods among children, aged 12-35 months, in India
T2 - Association with malnutrition, anemia, and missed child survival interventions
AU - Semba, Richard D.
AU - de Pee, Saskia
AU - Sun, Kai
AU - Campbell, Ashley A.
AU - Bloem, Martin W.
AU - Raju, V. K.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Eye Foundation of America and a Lew R. Wasserman Merit Award from Research to Prevent Blindness to R. D. Semba.
PY - 2010/10
Y1 - 2010/10
N2 - Objective: To determine whether children in India who have a low intake of vitamin A-rich foods are at higher risk of malnutrition, anemia, and not receiving child health interventions. Methods: We analyzed data from the India National Family Health Survey, 2005-2006. Results: Of 17 847 children (41.9%), aged 12-35 months, 7020 did not receive vitamin A-rich foods, based on 24-h recall. The prevalence of stunting, severe stunting, underweight, and severe underweight among children who did and did not receive vitamin A-rich foods was, respectively, 52.5% versus 59.0%, 26.7% versus 32.9%, 43.8% versus 48.5%, and 17.9% versus 21.6% (all P<0.0001). Children who did not receive vitamin A-rich foods were more likely to be anemic, not have completed childhood immunizations, and not to have received vitamin A supplementation in the previous 6 mo (all P<0.0001). Maternal education of ≥10, 7-9, and 1-6 y, respectively, compared with no formal education was associated with the child receiving vitamin A-rich foods (odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.20-1,67, P<0.0001; odds ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.37, P=0.01; odds ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.32, P=0.02) in a multivariate logistic regression model adjusting for maternal age, household size, socioeconomic status, and location. Conclusion: Children who did not receive vitamin A-rich foods were more likely to be malnourished and to have missed basic child health interventions, including vitamin A supplementation. Children were more likely to receive vitamin A-rich foods if their mothers had previously achieved higher primary or secondary education levels.
AB - Objective: To determine whether children in India who have a low intake of vitamin A-rich foods are at higher risk of malnutrition, anemia, and not receiving child health interventions. Methods: We analyzed data from the India National Family Health Survey, 2005-2006. Results: Of 17 847 children (41.9%), aged 12-35 months, 7020 did not receive vitamin A-rich foods, based on 24-h recall. The prevalence of stunting, severe stunting, underweight, and severe underweight among children who did and did not receive vitamin A-rich foods was, respectively, 52.5% versus 59.0%, 26.7% versus 32.9%, 43.8% versus 48.5%, and 17.9% versus 21.6% (all P<0.0001). Children who did not receive vitamin A-rich foods were more likely to be anemic, not have completed childhood immunizations, and not to have received vitamin A supplementation in the previous 6 mo (all P<0.0001). Maternal education of ≥10, 7-9, and 1-6 y, respectively, compared with no formal education was associated with the child receiving vitamin A-rich foods (odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.20-1,67, P<0.0001; odds ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.37, P=0.01; odds ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.32, P=0.02) in a multivariate logistic regression model adjusting for maternal age, household size, socioeconomic status, and location. Conclusion: Children who did not receive vitamin A-rich foods were more likely to be malnourished and to have missed basic child health interventions, including vitamin A supplementation. Children were more likely to receive vitamin A-rich foods if their mothers had previously achieved higher primary or secondary education levels.
KW - Anemia
KW - Blindness
KW - India
KW - Malnutrition
KW - Morbidity
KW - Mortality
KW - Vitamin A
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77957264391&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=77957264391&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.nut.2009.08.010
DO - 10.1016/j.nut.2009.08.010
M3 - Article
C2 - 19932005
AN - SCOPUS:77957264391
SN - 0899-9007
VL - 26
SP - 958
EP - 962
JO - Nutrition
JF - Nutrition
IS - 10
ER -