TY - JOUR
T1 - Longitudinal associations between depression, anxiety, pain, and pain-related disability in chronic pain patients
AU - Lerman, Sheera F.
AU - Rudich, Zvia
AU - Brill, Silviu
AU - Shalev, Hadar
AU - Shahar, Golan
PY - 2015/4/15
Y1 - 2015/4/15
N2 - Objective: The current study sets out to examine the longitudinal relationship between pain, pain-related disability, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The latter symptoms are highly prevalent in chronic pain and seriously impede functioning and quality of life. Nevertheless, the direction of the relationship involving these variables among individuals with chronic pain is still unclear. Methods: Four-hundred twenty-eight individuals with chronic pain (238 women, mean age 54.84 years, mean pain duration 85.21 months) treated at two pain clinics completed questionnaires regarding their pain (Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale), state anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and pain-related disability (Pain Disability Index) at four time points, with an average of 5 months between measurements. Cross-lagged, structural equation modeling analyses were performed, enabling the examination of longitudinal associations between the variables. Results: Significant symptoms of both depression and anxiety were reported by more than half of the sample on all waves. A latent depression/anxiety variable longitudinally predicted pain (β = .27, p < .001) and pain-related disability (β = .38, p < .001). However, neither pain (β = .10, p = .126) nor pain-related disability (β = ..01, p = .790) predicted depression/anxiety. Conclusions: Among adult patients with chronic pain treated at specialty pain clinics, high levels of depression and anxiety may worsen pain and pain-related disability.
AB - Objective: The current study sets out to examine the longitudinal relationship between pain, pain-related disability, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The latter symptoms are highly prevalent in chronic pain and seriously impede functioning and quality of life. Nevertheless, the direction of the relationship involving these variables among individuals with chronic pain is still unclear. Methods: Four-hundred twenty-eight individuals with chronic pain (238 women, mean age 54.84 years, mean pain duration 85.21 months) treated at two pain clinics completed questionnaires regarding their pain (Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale), state anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and pain-related disability (Pain Disability Index) at four time points, with an average of 5 months between measurements. Cross-lagged, structural equation modeling analyses were performed, enabling the examination of longitudinal associations between the variables. Results: Significant symptoms of both depression and anxiety were reported by more than half of the sample on all waves. A latent depression/anxiety variable longitudinally predicted pain (β = .27, p < .001) and pain-related disability (β = .38, p < .001). However, neither pain (β = .10, p = .126) nor pain-related disability (β = ..01, p = .790) predicted depression/anxiety. Conclusions: Among adult patients with chronic pain treated at specialty pain clinics, high levels of depression and anxiety may worsen pain and pain-related disability.
KW - anxiety
KW - chronic pain
KW - depression
KW - pain-related disability
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U2 - 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000158
DO - 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000158
M3 - Article
C2 - 25849129
AN - SCOPUS:84927641839
SN - 0033-3174
VL - 77
SP - 333
EP - 341
JO - Psychosomatic medicine
JF - Psychosomatic medicine
IS - 3
ER -